Bull's Head and Mermaid - The Bernstein Project - Österreichische ...

Contents
Preface 7
I Watermarks of the Middle Ages 9
Introduction 9
Bartolus de Saxoferrato 10
II The History of Paper and Paper Production in the Middle Ages to Modern Times 12
The History of Paper and Paper Production 12
Paper: from Fabriano to Europe 14
Dutch Paper Making 16
Paper Production in the Transition to the Industrial Revolution 20
Moulds and Wires 26
III The World in Watermarks 29
IV Watermarks and Research on Manuscripts 33
The Commercial Aspects of Paper 33
The Time Span of Paper Use 35
Different Monasteries – Identical Paper 37
Watermarks and their Variants 37
Sheets and Watermarks in Printed Books: the Example of Venice 40
Paper and Watermarks in Art History 41
Watermarks and Musicology 44
Watermarks and Cartography 47
The Significance of Manuscript Dating as Demonstrated by Codex 214 48
of the Schottenkloster in Vienna 48
V Watermarks Imaging Technologies, Watermark Collectors and their Collections 67
Imaging Technologies for Watermarks 67
Precision in width: A comparison of tracing and beta-radiography 70
Watermark collections 73
Watermark collectors 77
VI The Digitalization of Watermarks 87
Published Watermarks Collections and the World Wide Web 87
Piccard-Online 87
Watermarks of the Middle Ages (WZMA) 89
Watermarks in Incunabula printed in the Low Countries (WILC) 92
Watermarks in Incunabula printed in España (WIES) 94
Database of watermarks and paper used for prints and drawings developed by the 98
Dutch University Institute for Art History in Florence (NIKI)
5