uneven diameter in paper from as late as 1343/44. Here, the chain-lines are hardly visible. In paper from 1347, he was then able to distinguish prints of straight, quite thick laid-lines running about 3 mm from each other. From this point in time, paper moulds continued to be of this type. About 1385 paper moulds with finer laid-lines running only 1.2 mm from each other were already in use. It is also possible to clearly see the stitches used to attach the chainlines to the cross pieces from around this time. This new type of mould, with closer laid-lines, resulted in less fibre pulp being needed <strong>and</strong> thus, among other things, the paper being thinner. Paper historians have concluded that these significant changes in the moulds are an outcome of new techniques being used for making wire (Hills 90–91; for wire pulling, Wolters 207–210). Gerardy (Gerardy 64–65) has identified a special type of mould used for Italian paper during the 14 th century that was made with alternating thick <strong>and</strong> thin laid line. Such alternating laid-lines can also be seen, for instance, in Codex 168 (dated 1390/91) of the Klosterneuburg Stiftsbibliothek. Twenty alternating thick <strong>and</strong> thin laid-lines are about 29 mm in width (Ill. 293; Fig.A), whereas twenty thick laidlines themselves, with thin lines between, is 58 mm. Within this Klosterneuburger codex, however, one also finds paper showing prints of only thin laid-lines (cf. the various watermarks in the above-mentioned signature under http://www. ksbm.oeaw.ac.at/wz/wzma.htm), <strong>and</strong> thus paper with “mixed laid-lines” may have been a transitional form. According to Weiß, twenty laid-lines had a width of between 16 <strong>and</strong> 80 mm depending on region <strong>and</strong> period. For dated paper in the WZMA from the period between ap- Ill. 19: Fig.A: Klosterneuburg, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod. 168, Bl. 293 (1390/91). Fig.B: Klosterneuburg, Stiftsarchiv, Rechnungsbuch 7/1, Bl. 27 (1343). Fig.C: Klosterneuburg, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod. 69, Bl. 297 (Ende 15.Jahrhundert). Fig.D: Klosterneuburg, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod. 1251, Bl. 6 (1330). Illustrations reproduced 1:1 proximately 1350 <strong>and</strong> 1380, for “thick” laid-llines this width (based on r<strong>and</strong>om samples) was between 45 <strong>and</strong> 55 mm (Fig.B). In contrast, in paper with “thin” laid-lines, seen from the 1390s, this was reduced to less than 30 mm. More research needs to be done on early paper, whose laid line is generally difficult to see, in order to reconcile this generally-held opinion of paper historians with Codex 1251, f. 6 (Fig.D) of the Klosterneuburg Stiftsbibliothek, dated 1330, where twenty rather thin laid-lines have a width of about 28 mm, <strong>and</strong> the Rechnungsbuch Rb 7/1, Sheet 6 of the Klosterneuburg Stiftsarchiv dated 1321, where the same number measure about 25 mm. According to an examination undertaken by Ezio Ornato (Ornato, II 347) of Piccard’s collection, in the seven examples from the 1360s only “thick” wire was used. <strong>The</strong> percentage of paper with “thick” laid-lines in comparison to paper where the mould prints show “normal” wire had already sunk to 11.54% by the 1390s <strong>and</strong> then to 0.71% in the first decade of the 15 th century, rising again later to about 1.40%. According to Ornato (II 74), the width of twenty laid-lines in paper of folio format (rezzute) varied between 25/26 mm at the beginning of the 15 th century <strong>and</strong> below 20 mm by the end of the century (Fig.C). Literature: Weiß, H<strong>and</strong>buch der Wasserzeichenkunde; Gerardy, Einige Besonderheiten von italienischen Papieren des 14.Jahrhunderts; Hills, Early Italian Papermaking; Wolters, Drahtherstellung im Mittelalter; Ornato et al., La carta occidentale nel tardo medioevo I. Tomo II (Addenda 4). F.L. (C.P.-K.) 27
Ill. 1: <strong>The</strong> world in watermarks
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A.H. Alois Haidinger A.P. André Pe