Bull's Head and Mermaid - The Bernstein Project - Österreichische ...

Ill 17: Advertisement of T.J. Marshall & Co, the inventor of the
Dandyroll/Egoutteur, with which watermarks can be made in industrially
produced paper. (Advertisement from the Wochenblatt
für Papierfabrikation, Vol 36 (1905), p. 3232)
able for dating. Sometimes in quests of authenticity these
characters can still make their contribution. However, it is to
bear in mind that 12, 16 or 24 similar watermarks are often
installed on one Dandy roller and each of them can havenot
intentionally! – individual peculiarities.
Literature: Audin, De l’origine du papier vélin; Balston, The
Whatmans; Balston, James Whatman; Blechschmidt /
Strunz, Der Beginn; Bockwitz, Wer war der Erfinder; Clapperton,
The papermaking machine; Doizy / Fulacher, Papiers
et moulins; Feyerabend, Über die Stellung von Wasserzeichen;
Hößle, Alte Papiermühlen; Hössle, Bayerische Papiergeschichte;
Hills, The early use; Killermann, Jakob Christian
Schaeffers Papierversuche; Hoyer, Die Entwicklung der
Papiermaschine; Hunter, Porträt-Wasserzeichen; Klein,
Chemie und Papierfabrikation; Loeber, Paper mould and
mouldmaker; Meltzer, Die Entwicklung der Papierfabrikation;
Postl, Herstellung von Wasserzeichen; Postl, Oberflächenleimung;
Postl, Faber in amne cudit; Schlieder, Über
Anfänge der Verwendung; Schmidt, Geschichte der Papierherstellung;
Schulte, Ueber die erste Papiermaschine; Sembritzki,
Ueber die erste Papiermaschine; Siniarska-Czaplicka,
La production; Smith, Watermarks; Strachan, Die Geschichte;
Weiß, Handbuch der Wasserzeichenkunde; Weiß,
Vom Velin- und Kupferdruckpapier; Weiß, Schiller-
Manuskripte; Weiß, Schiller und das Papier; Wintermeyer,
Die Entwicklung der Holzschleiferei.
G.D. / F.S. (G.D / F.S. / L.D.)
Moulds and Wires
In Europe, paper is typically made with a metal mould fitted
into a wooden frame. The mould is usually made of copper
or bronze. The frame is stiffened and supported by wooden
26
ribs, tapering towards the mould, that are parallel to the
frame’s shorter sides. The mould itself is made of horizontal
laid or ribbing wires (laid-lines) that run parallel to one another,
and thinner so-called chain or warp wires (chainlines)
that run perpendicular to the laid line and parallel to
the cross pieces. These chain-lines lie directly on the wood
of the cross pieces and are stitched to the laid-lines. When
making the paper, the pulp mass sinks into the spaces between
the wires and thus the paper is thinner over the laidlines.
The structure of the mould, seen as light and dark
stripes, is readily apparent when the paper is backlit or photographed
by means of beta-radiography. The print of the
mould in the paper mirrors more or less exactly the diameter
of the laid-lines and the distance between them. However,
such mould prints are quite difficult to see in early paper,
as for example from the first third of the 14 th century.
Above all, the cross pieces are very difficult to see in paper
from this period, even with the help of beta-radiography.
The diameter of wire depends on the technique with
which it was produced. Wire can be either forged or
drawn. In the latter technique, wire was gradually made
thinner by pulling it (in the beginning, manually using muscle
strength) through the progressively smaller holes of a
drawing die.
According to research done by Hills, in very early Italian
paper the clearly irregular wire lines in the mould prints indicate
that the wire was hammered and not drawn. He
found mould prints with irregularly running laid wires and
ll 18: Image of a Dandy roller for an light-dark watermark. It is
a vellum Dandy roller from the year 1923 showing the words
‘REPUBLICA PERUANA’. The paper appears dark there because
the dents of the writing can accumulate more mass. Exactly the
opposite is the case in the foreground where the higher wire
parts are. The wire displaces more pulp and the paper appears in
these places brighter. Such a watermark is called light-dark watermark.
Manufacturer of this Dandy roller was the Dürener Metalltuch
and Egoutteurfabrik, J. W. Andreas Kufferath & Co., Düren.
The Dandy roller comes from the paper mill Weissenborn close to
Freiberg.