19.11.2012 Views

Bull's Head and Mermaid - The Bernstein Project - Österreichische ...

Bull's Head and Mermaid - The Bernstein Project - Österreichische ...

Bull's Head and Mermaid - The Bernstein Project - Österreichische ...

SHOW MORE
SHOW LESS

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.

Ill. 9: Wind paper mill, 17th century<br />

Literature: Hunter, Papermaking; Menke, Veluwse beken;<br />

Voorn, De papiermolens 1960; Voorn, De papiermolens<br />

1973; Voorn, De papiermolens 1985; Vries / Woude, <strong>The</strong><br />

first modern economy.<br />

J.C.A.v.d.L.<br />

Paper Production in the Transition to the Industrial<br />

Revolution<br />

A period of a dramatic transition in the field of paper making<br />

took place in the late 18 th century at whose end in the<br />

middle of the 19 th century most of the paper mills manufacturing<br />

in the traditional manner had been relinquished because<br />

industrial large-scale production prevailed as the<br />

more efficient production method. A series of pioneering<br />

innovations made contributions to this effect.<br />

Wove Paper<br />

First mould-made papers which longer featured the ribbed<br />

structure that had been typical for centuries emerged in the<br />

middle of the 18 th century. <strong>The</strong> by then used chain <strong>and</strong> laidlines<br />

of the mould had been replaced by woven wires in order<br />

to produce this almost untextured paper showing a<br />

much smoother surface.<br />

20<br />

Ill. 10: <strong>The</strong> Holl<strong>and</strong>er<br />

Ill. 11: <strong>The</strong> paper mill in het Openluchtmuseum, Arnhem. Originally<br />

located at Loenen, founded in 1654<br />

James Whatman Junior realised at the latest in 1786 that<br />

wove paper would be ‘infinitely better for copper plates’<br />

(Balston, James Whatman, p. 27). This paper grade got the<br />

acceptance of the copper plate printers indeed because it<br />

allowed to copy graphics reproduced by intaglio printing<br />

with a high quality due its consistent surface. <strong>The</strong>refore the<br />

new form of paper moulds was adopted in the following<br />

decades by paper makers on the continent, too. For example<br />

in France – incited by Benjamin Franklin – one dealt<br />

intensively with the new paper grade from 1777 onwards,<br />

<strong>and</strong> a few years later first prints on wove paper appeared.<br />

<strong>The</strong> papermakers Montgolfier, Johannot <strong>and</strong> Réveillon<br />

raised corresponding claims of priority. Bodoni in Italy<br />

had done a print on a carta d’Annonay for the first time<br />

in 1781. In 1796 Pietro Miliani started the production of<br />

wove paper in his paper mill in Fabriano after he had been<br />

trying to buy corresponding moulds from France since<br />

1788. For Germany the year 1795 is mentioned in which<br />

Johann Gottlieb Ebart (1746–1805) fabricated successfully

Hooray! Your file is uploaded and ready to be published.

Saved successfully!

Ooh no, something went wrong!