Bull's Head and Mermaid - The Bernstein Project - Österreichische ...
Bull's Head and Mermaid - The Bernstein Project - Österreichische ...
Bull's Head and Mermaid - The Bernstein Project - Österreichische ...
You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles
YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.
Ill. 9: Wind paper mill, 17th century<br />
Literature: Hunter, Papermaking; Menke, Veluwse beken;<br />
Voorn, De papiermolens 1960; Voorn, De papiermolens<br />
1973; Voorn, De papiermolens 1985; Vries / Woude, <strong>The</strong><br />
first modern economy.<br />
J.C.A.v.d.L.<br />
Paper Production in the Transition to the Industrial<br />
Revolution<br />
A period of a dramatic transition in the field of paper making<br />
took place in the late 18 th century at whose end in the<br />
middle of the 19 th century most of the paper mills manufacturing<br />
in the traditional manner had been relinquished because<br />
industrial large-scale production prevailed as the<br />
more efficient production method. A series of pioneering<br />
innovations made contributions to this effect.<br />
Wove Paper<br />
First mould-made papers which longer featured the ribbed<br />
structure that had been typical for centuries emerged in the<br />
middle of the 18 th century. <strong>The</strong> by then used chain <strong>and</strong> laidlines<br />
of the mould had been replaced by woven wires in order<br />
to produce this almost untextured paper showing a<br />
much smoother surface.<br />
20<br />
Ill. 10: <strong>The</strong> Holl<strong>and</strong>er<br />
Ill. 11: <strong>The</strong> paper mill in het Openluchtmuseum, Arnhem. Originally<br />
located at Loenen, founded in 1654<br />
James Whatman Junior realised at the latest in 1786 that<br />
wove paper would be ‘infinitely better for copper plates’<br />
(Balston, James Whatman, p. 27). This paper grade got the<br />
acceptance of the copper plate printers indeed because it<br />
allowed to copy graphics reproduced by intaglio printing<br />
with a high quality due its consistent surface. <strong>The</strong>refore the<br />
new form of paper moulds was adopted in the following<br />
decades by paper makers on the continent, too. For example<br />
in France – incited by Benjamin Franklin – one dealt<br />
intensively with the new paper grade from 1777 onwards,<br />
<strong>and</strong> a few years later first prints on wove paper appeared.<br />
<strong>The</strong> papermakers Montgolfier, Johannot <strong>and</strong> Réveillon<br />
raised corresponding claims of priority. Bodoni in Italy<br />
had done a print on a carta d’Annonay for the first time<br />
in 1781. In 1796 Pietro Miliani started the production of<br />
wove paper in his paper mill in Fabriano after he had been<br />
trying to buy corresponding moulds from France since<br />
1788. For Germany the year 1795 is mentioned in which<br />
Johann Gottlieb Ebart (1746–1805) fabricated successfully