Ill. 8: <strong>Bernstein</strong>: Query mask including search index Ill. 9: <strong>Bernstein</strong>: Component search
Watermark Terminology In some way, the “<strong>Bernstein</strong> <strong>Project</strong>” is reminiscent of the Tower of Babel. At the end of the failed project in the Old Testament, the building of the tower succumbed to the confusion of languages. In the “<strong>Bernstein</strong> <strong>Project</strong>”, the language confusion is at the beginning, since the various project partners have, with their watermark collections, each brought their own terminology to the project. <strong>The</strong> large number of different watermark forms is reflected in the wide variations in the terminology used to describe them; moreover, the collections are often based on completely different classification systems. When integrating the different watermark collections, as the <strong>Bernstein</strong>-Portal plans to do, settling such terminological differences plays an important role. <strong>The</strong> confusion of languages, to pick up our opening metaphor again, must be eliminated in order to create a solid foundation. Watermarks with the same motif <strong>and</strong> the same characteristics must be described with the same terms if research in a common database is to be possible. For such an integrated database, the terminology being used is an important operator. <strong>The</strong> main goal in forming a unified terminology is, in the end, to have st<strong>and</strong>ardized descriptions for watermarks, descriptions that can also be used in the future to record newly discovered watermarks <strong>and</strong> integrate them into the <strong>Bernstein</strong>-Portal. An important step towards a general descriptive st<strong>and</strong>ard as foreseen by the “<strong>Bernstein</strong> <strong>Project</strong>” is a comparison of the terminology used by the large watermark collections that already exist: Piccard-Online, WILC, <strong>and</strong> WZMA. A comparison of this sort was already conducted between Piccard-Online <strong>and</strong> WZMA a number of years ago; in order to realize the planned integration of WILC into the <strong>Bernstein</strong>-Portal, it was also necessary to compare its various motif groups to those of Piccard-Online. A short sketch of the process will illuminate what sort of difficulties this presented. First, for each motif group of the WILC a corresponding motif was sought in Piccard-Online. Of the approximately 540 motif groups (descriptions), in nearly 70% of the cases it was possible to correlate WILC with Piccard-Online. <strong>The</strong> main criterion that was applied was the motifs being identical, which disregarded terminological differences. For this large group of hits, it was necessary to unify the terminology. <strong>The</strong> following description shows a few samples of such inconsistent terminology. 108 Piccard-Online WILC four-leaved four-petalled cloverleaf trifoliate trefoil conch shell straight orientated horizontal star with eight rays eight-pointed In many cases a common terminology could be found; it was more difficult when there were fundamental differences between the databases. <strong>The</strong> various names used for heraldry is one example. In Piccard-Online, the expression “coat of arms” is used, whereas the WILC uses the term “shield”. Since a change would have affected several thous<strong>and</strong> entries, a compromise was reached in which a unified terminology (“coat of arms”) is only used at the first level. Steps in unifying the watermark terminology has already left its mark in scholarly research, as can be seen in an article by Carmen Kämmer on “city coats of arms” in Piccard- Online. How complex such terminological problems can be has been shown by Nigel Palmer, who uses the example of the motif names “Vierfüßer” <strong>and</strong> “Vielfüßer”. And indeed, Palmer’s observations were not unique, as work on the <strong>The</strong>saurus has shown. Piccard categorizes a long list of animals under the motif “Vierfüßer”, including not only deer, bear, lion, donkey, horse, but also monkey <strong>and</strong> rabbit, as well as the Christian symbol of the Easter lamb. Additional confusion is caused by the fact that the printed version of Piccard (Findbuch Vol. 15) speaks of “Vierfüsslern”, whereas Piccard-Online uses the homonym “Vierfüßer”. In the English version of Piccard-Online, this has been translated as “tetrapod”, a word that is not found, however, in st<strong>and</strong>ard dictionaries. In English, the prefix “tetra” (four) is used only in chemical or mathematical compounds. In the <strong>The</strong>saurus, the term “quadruped” has been used. As a consequence, the term in Piccard-Online has had to be changed. Still trickier is “Vielfüßer”, which in Piccard-Online has been defined as a new motif. <strong>The</strong> main watermark motifs in this group are crabs, scorpions, <strong>and</strong> spiders, that is, creatures with several legs. When looking for an English translation for this classification term, in st<strong>and</strong>ard dictionaries one finds “multiped”, “multipede” <strong>and</strong> “polypod”. If one does not want to fall back on an expression like “animal with more than four legs”, a more intensive search for a suitable word is needed, since only older editions of the Langenscheidt dictionary clearly refer to “polypod” as a zoological term. “Multiped” was chosen for the English version of Piccard-Online, the latest version of the <strong>The</strong>saurus now offers “polypod”; also here a new up-date in Piccard-Online should be taken into consideration. <strong>The</strong>se examples also show that the <strong>The</strong>saurus is not a finished dictionary, but rather can only be seen as a “work in progress” that is constantly undergoing improvements <strong>and</strong> checks. Continual editorial supervision will therefore be needed. <strong>The</strong> relevance of editorial supervision is also apparent if looking at the newly developed component model within the <strong>Bernstein</strong>-Portal. <strong>The</strong> various project collaborators have already put the planned research module through an intensive test phase, using selected watermarks of the bull’s head motif. In the process, a series of terminological problems appeared that still need to be resolved. Both coordination in terminological discrepancies <strong>and</strong> the incorporation of new terms into the <strong>The</strong>saurus need to be undertaken in this regard. <strong>The</strong> sample in the following table gives an impression of this sort of problem.
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The Bernstein Project Booklet of th
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Booklet and catalogue of the exhibi
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Collaborators: Conception and gener
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6 Corpus Chartarum Italicarum (CCI)
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Introduction When dealing with pape
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in the Iberian regions under Mooris
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They had all been dug and were fed
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first wove papers in the Spechthaus
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ine bleaching needed control and wa
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uneven diameter in paper from as la
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The watermarks in paper of the Midd
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Scientific research on watermarks,
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manufacturing. Of these regulations
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was used can only be made on the ba
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motif in Italy; the bull’s head i
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Yoshitake Kobayashi, and of Mozart,
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