FRONTESPIZIO - Cooperazione Italiana allo Sviluppo

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114 Tigray RHB; T.M.A.; IISMAN onlus; Italian Cooperation - HSDPImproved nutrition and health status of individuals translates into increasedproductivity and economic gains.The health status of Ethiopians is among the lowest in the world. Accordingto 2003 health and health related indicator of the FMOH the crude deathrate is estimated to be 12.6 per thousand populations. Life expectancy atbirth (LEB) of males and females is 53.4 and 55.4 years respectively. The infantmortality rate (IMR) is estimated at 96.9 per thousand live births whilethe < 5 mortality rate is 140 deaths per 1000. The maternal mortality rate(MMR) is estimated at 871 per 100,000 live births.Ethiopia’s burden of disease is dominated by peri-natal and maternal conditionsand by acute respiratory infection, followed by malaria, nutritional deficiency,diarrhoea and AIDS. Indeed, the top ten causes of mortality accountfor 59.6 percent of all deaths. Diseases that affect children under the age of5 years (ARI, diarrhoea, nutritional deficiencies and measles) account for 33percent of deaths. When peri-natal and maternal conditions are added, thehealth problems of mothers and children combined account for 50 percentof all deaths.The overall level of potential health service coverage is estimated to be approximately64 percent. Coverage estimates for individual health programs arevery low. Currently, health services for a population of some 71.1 millionpeople comprise 126 hospitals, 519 health centers, 1797 health stations and2899 health posts.2. Operational research for improvement of the basic healthservices through better knowledge on dermatological andsexually transmitted diseases and possible underlying systemicconditionsAs it is acknowledged, operational research offers significant gains on healthservice delivery and outcome at relatively low cost, and in a timeframe of fewyears. In this context, we mean operational research rooted in local experiencespecifically aiming at developing the capacity of health workers workingat a grass root level in Tigray region. The aim of this project is to develop theknowledge and skill of the health workers to diagnose, treat and refer cases ofSTIs, skin conditions and possible underlying systemic consequences.Hopefully the research will help to bring about better standard and interven-
7. HIV and skin: an operational research (O.R.) in Tigray region, Ethiopia 115tions that result in improved policy making, better design and implementationof health systems, and more efficient methods of service delivery.Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), once called venereal diseases, areamong the most common infectious diseases in Africa. Though extensivestudies have not been conducted so far, more and more knowledge is beingacquired nowadays. For example in the United States more than 20 STIs havenow been identified, and they affect more than 13 million men and womenin that country every year. The annual total cost of STIs diagnosis and treatmentin the United States is estimated to be well in excess of $10 billion.Understanding the basic facts about STIs and related manifestations – theways in which they are spread, their common symptoms, and how they canbe treated – is the first step toward prevention. The National Institute ofAllergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), a part of the National Institutes ofHealth, has prepared a series of fact sheets about STIs to provide this importantinformation. Research investigators supported by NIAID are looking forbetter methods of diagnosis and more effective treatments, as well as for vaccinesand topical microbicides to prevent STIs. It is important to understandkey points as follows about all STDs today:• STIs affect men and women of all backgrounds and economic levels.They are most prevalent among teenagers and young adults. Nearlytwo-thirds of all STIs occur in people younger than 25 years of age.• The incidence of STIs and other possible skin and systemic conditionis rising, partly because in the last few decades young people have becomemore sexually active and have multiple sex partners during theirlives, potentially becoming at higher risk to develop STIs.• Most of the time, STIs cause no symptoms, particularly in women.When and if symptoms develop, they may be confused with those ofother diseases not transmitted through sexual contact. Manifestationson the skin are however more common. Even when an STI causes nosymptoms a person who is infected may be able to pass on the diseaseto a sexual partner.• When diagnosed and treated early, many STIs can be cured effectively.Some infections have become resistant to the drugs used to treat themand now require newer types of antibiotics. Experts believe that havingSTIs other than AIDS increases one’s risk for becoming infected withthe HIV.• STIs and related skin conditions cause physical and emotional sufferingto millions and are costly to individuals and to society as a whole.
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Human resources Human forresources
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important share of household expend
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5. Human resources for health (HRH)
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