Part 6: Detection and Prevention of Foot Problems in Type 2 Diabetes

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Payne C. Regional variations of diabetic foot complications and podiatric services. AJPM 1999;33: 51-4Payne CB, Scott RS, Moir C. Trigger events for acute admission to hospital for diabetic foot disease.Australas J Podiatr Med 1998;32:57-64.Pecoraro RE, Reiber GE. Classification of wounds in diabetic amputees. Wounds 1990;2:65-73.Pellizzer G, Strazzabosco M, Presi S, Furlan F, Lora L, Benedetti P, Bonato G, Erle G, de Lalla F.Deep tissue biopsy vs. superficial swab culture monitoring in the microbiological assessment of limbthreateningdiabetic foot infection. Diabet Med 2001;18:822-7.Perkins BA, Greene DA, Bril V. Glycaemic control is related to the morphological severity of diabeticsensorimotor polyneuropathy. Diabetes Care 2001;24:748-52.Perkins BA, Olaleye D, Zinman B, Bril V. Simple screening tests for peripheral neuropathy in thediabetes clinic. Diabetes Care 2001;24:250-6.Peters EJG, Childs MR, Wunderlich RP, Harkless LB, Armstrong DG, Lavery LA. Fundtional status ofpersons with diabetes-related lower-extremity amputations. Diabetes Care 2001;24:1799-804.Pieber TR, Holler A, Siebenhofer A, Brunner GA, Semlitsch B, Schattenberg S, Zapotoczky H, RainerW, Krejs GJ. Evaluation of a structured teaching and treatment programme for Type 2 diabetes ingeneral practice in a rural area of Austria. Diabet Med 1995;12:349-54.Pinzur MS, Kerman-Schroeder D, Emanuele NV, Emanuel M. Development of a nurse-provided healthsystem strategy for diabetic foot care. Foot & Ankle Int 2001;22:744-6.Pirart J. Diabetes mellitus and its degenerative complications: a prospective study of 4,400 patientsobserved between 1947 and 1973. Diabete Metab 1977;3:97-107.Pirart J. Why don’t we teach and treat diabetic patients better? Diabetes Care 1978;1:139-40.Rafferty P, Rodrigues E, Fraser DM. Aetiological factors in diabetic foot ulceration. Br J Clin Pract1986;40:11-4.Reiber GE. Diabetic foot care. Financial implications and practice guidelines. Diabetes Care1992;15(Suppl 1):29-31.Reiber GE. Who is at risk of limb loss and what to do about it. J Rehabil Res Dev 1994;31:357-62.Reiber GE. The epidemiology of diabetic foot problems. Diabet Med 1996;13 (Suppl 1):S6-11.Renwick PA. The diabetic foot. J Bri Podiatr Med 1989;11:260-4.Rich J, Veves A. Forefoot and rearfoot plantar pressures in diabetic patients: correlation to footulceration. Wounds 2000;12:82-7.Richbourg MJ. Preventing amputations in patients with end stage renal disease: whatever happened tofoot care? Anna J 1998;25:13-20.Rijken PM, Dekker J, Lankhorst GJ, Dekker E, Bakker K, Dooren J, Rauwerda JA. Podiatric care fordiabetic patients with foot problems: an observational study. Int J Rehabil Res 1999;22:181-8Rith-Najarian S, Branchaud C, Beaulieu O, Gohdes D, Simonson G, Mazze R. Reducing lowerextremityamputations due to diabetes. Application of the staged diabetes management approach in aprimary care setting. J Fam Pract 1998;47:127-32.122
Rose NE, Feiwell LA, Cracchiolo A 3rd. A method for measuring foot pressures using a highresolution, computerised insole sensor: the effect of heel wedges on plantar pressure distribution andcentre of force. Foot & Ankle 1992;13:263-70.Sakurai T, Matsushita M, Nishikimi N, Nimura Y. Effect of walking distance on the change in anklebrachialpressure index in patients with intermittent claudication. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg1997;13:486-90.Schaff PS, Cavanagh PR. Shoes for the insensitive foot: the effect of a "rocker bottom" shoemodification on plantar pressure distribution. Foot Ankle 1990;11:129-40.Sedgwick JE, Pearce AJ, Gulliford MC. Evaluation of equity in diabetes health care in relation toAfrican and Caribbean ethnicity. Ethn Health 2003;8:121-33.Shaw JE, van Schie CHM, Carrington AL, Abbott CA, Boulton AJM. An analysis of dynamic forcestransmitted through the foot in diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Care 1998;21:1955-9.Shenaq SM, Klebuc MJA, Vargo D. How to help diabetic patients avoid amputation. Prevention andmanagement of foot ulcers. Postgrad Med 1994;96: 177-80, 183-6, 191-2.Slovenkai MP. Foot problems in diabetes. Med Clinics North Am 1998;82:949-71.Smieja M, Hunt DL, Edelman D, Etchells E, Cornuz J, Simel DL. International Cooperative Group forClinical Examination Research. Clinical examination for the detection of protective sensation in thefeet of diabetic patients. J Gen Intern Med 1999;14:418-24.Sorensen L, Molyneaux L, Yue DK. Insensate versus painful diabetic neuropathy: the effects of height,gender, ethnicity and glycaemic control. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2002;57:45-51.Sosenko JM, Sparling YH, Hu D, Welty T, Howard BV, Lee E, Robbins DC. Use of the Semmes-Weinstein monofilament in the strong heart study. Risk factors for clinical neuropathy. Diabetes Care1999;22:1715-21.Soulier, SM. The use of running shoes in the prevention of plantar diabetic ulcers. J Am Podiatr MedAssoc 1986;76:395-400.Spencer S. Pressure relieving interventions for preventing and treating diabetic foot ulcers. In: TheCochrane Library, Issue 4, 2003. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Sriussadaporn S, Mekanandha P, Vannasaeng S, Nitiyanant W, Komoltri C, Ploybutr S, Yamwong P,Peerapatdit T, Vichayanrat A. Factors associated with diabetic foot ulceration in Thailand: a casecontrolstudy. Diabet Med 1997;14:50-6.Stacpoole-Shea S, Shea G, Lavery L. An examination of plantar pressure measurements to identify thelocation of diabetic forefoot ulceration. J Foot Ankle Surg 1999;38:109-15.Stebbings WSL, Wood RFM. Amputations in diabetics. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1991;73:170-5.Stephens GL. Palpable dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial pulses. Incidence in young men. Arch Surg1962;84:662-4.Stess RM, Jensen SR, Mirmiran R. The role of dynamic plantar pressures in diabetic foot ulcers.Diabetes Care 1997;20:855-8.Testa MA, Simonson DC. Health economic benefits and quality of life during improved glycemiccontrol in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, controlled, double-blind trial. JAMA1998;280:1490-6.Thomas PK. Diabetic peripheral neuropathies: their cost to patient and society and the value ofknowledge of risk factors for development of interventions. Eur Neurol 1999;41(Suppl 1):35-43.123
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National Evidence Based Guidelinesf
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Research OfficersMs Linda SmithPodi
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2.2 Issues for Foot Problems in Typ
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• Aim to achieve the best possibl
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Background - Peripheral Neuropathy
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proportion of subjects with a durat
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and an OR 1.1-7.8. This study also
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Summary - Peripheral Neuropathy as
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Section 2: Diabetes Foot ProblemsIs
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predicting risk of amputation, 2.9
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Summary - Peripheral Vascular Disea
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Evidence - Foot Deformity and Previ
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people with both LJM and neuropathy
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Summary - Foot Deformity and Previo
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Also in the Seattle study, 67 peopl
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Summary - Ulcer as a Risk Factor fo
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The other frequently reported metho
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side; and 82% having the same resul
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Evidence Table: Section 5Detection
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Background - Clinical Detection of
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pulse was bilaterally absent in 1.8
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Evidence Table: Section 6AuthorClin
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Background - Frequency of Foot Exam
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Summary - Frequency of Foot Examina
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Behaviour assessment scores, measur
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Mazzuca et al (1986) studies 532 pe
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with before the programme, after 1-
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Evidence Table: Section 8AuthorEffe
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Background - Glycaemic Control and
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In a previous Japanese randomised s
Page 72 and 73: Evidence Table: Section 9AuthorGlyc
Page 74 and 75: Background - Footwear to Reduce Ulc
Page 76 and 77: period. In addition people without
Page 78 and 79: Comparisons of in-shoe foot pressur
Page 80 and 81: The rate of plantar callus formatio
Page 82 and 83: Evidence Table: Section 10AuthorFoo
Page 84 and 85: Background - Foot Clinics and Multi
Page 86 and 87: A prospective non randomised contro
Page 88 and 89: Summary - Foot Clinics and Multi-di
Page 90 and 91: Section 12: Diabetes Foot ProblemsI
Page 92 and 93: and/or osteomyelitis; III - fore-fo
Page 94 and 95: Summary - Economic consequences•
Page 96 and 97: Section 13: Diabetes Foot ProblemsI
Page 98 and 99: Some ethnic groups are associated w
Page 100 and 101: Evidence Table: Section 13AuthorSoc
Page 102 and 103: Calle-Pascual AL, Duran A, Diaz A,
Page 104 and 105: Jannink MJ, van Dijk H, de Vries J,
Page 106 and 107: Moss SE, Klein R, Klein BE. The 14-
Page 108 and 109: Soulier SM, Godsey C, Asay ED, Perr
Page 110 and 111: Diabetes Foot Problems: General Ref
Page 112 and 113: McNeely MJ, Boyko EJ, Ahroni JH, St
Page 114 and 115: Diabetes Foot Problems: Other Refer
Page 116 and 117: Caputo GM, Cavanagh PR, Ulbrecht JS
Page 118 and 119: Garbalosa JC, Cavanagh PR, Wu G, Ul
Page 120 and 121: Lavery LA, Armstrong DG, Wunderlich
Page 124 and 125: Tovi J, Svanborg E, Nilsson BY, Eng
Page 126 and 127: Criteria used to determine the suit
Page 128 and 129: QUESTIONS KEY WORDS NO.ARTICLESIDEN
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Part 6: Detection and Prevention of Foot Problems in Type 2 Diabetes

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