Part 6: Detection and Prevention of Foot Problems in Type 2 Diabetes

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Garbalosa JC, Cavanagh PR, Wu G, Ulbrecht JS, Becker MB, Alexander IJ, Campbell JH. Footfunction in diabetic patients after partial amputation. Foot Ankle Int 1996;17:43-8.Gardner AW, Womack CJ, Sieminski DJ, Montgomery PS, Killewich LA, Fonong T. Relationshipbetween free-living daily physical activity and ambulatory measures in older claudicants. Angiology1998;49:327-37.Glynn JR, Carr EK, Jeffcoate WJ. Foot ulcers in previously undiagnosed diabetes mellitus. BMJ1990;300:1046-7.Goldstein DE, Little RR. Monitoring glycemia in diabetes. Short-term assessment. Endocrinol MetabClin North Am 1997;26:475-86.Gottsater A, Ahmed M, Fernlund P, Sundkvist G. Autonomic neuropathy in Type 2 diabetic patients isassociated with hyperinsulinaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia. Diabet Med 1999;16:49-54.Greene DA, Sima AF, Pfeifer MA, Albers JW. Diabetic neuropathy. Annu Rev Med 1990;41:303-17.Gregory R, Tattersall RB, Allison SP. Peripheral neuropathy as a presenting feature of type 2 diabetes:a case controlled study. Diabet Med 1994;11:407-9.Griffiths GD, Wieman TJ. Meticulous attention to foot care improves the prognosis in diabeticulceration of the foot. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1992;174:49-51.Gulliford MC, Mahabir D. Utilisation of private care by public primary care clinic attenders withdiabetes: relationship to health status and social factors. Soc Sci Med 2001;53:1045-56.Gulliford MC, Mahabir D. Diabetic foot disease and foot care in a Caribbean community. Diabetes ResClin Pract 2002;56:35-40.Hartemann-Heurtier A, Van GH, Danan JP, Koskas F, Jacqueminet S, Golmard JL, Grimaldi A.Outcome of severe diabetic foot ulcers after standardised management in a specialised unit. DiabetesMetab 2002;28:477-84.Hiatt WR, Hirsch AT, Regensteiner JG, Brass EP, the Vascular Clinical Trialists. Clinical trials forclaudication. Assessment of exercise performance, functional status, and clinical end points.Circulation 1995;92:614-21.Hill SL, Holtzman GI, Buse R. The effects of peripheral vascular disease with osteomyelitis in thediabetic foot. Am J Surg 1999;177:282-6.Holstein PE, Sorensen S. Limb salvage experience in a multidisciplinary diabetic foot unit. DiabetesCare 1999;22(Suppl 2):B97-103.Humphrey ARG, Dowse GK, Thoma K, Zimmet PZ. Diabetes and nontraumatic lower extremityamputations. Incidence, risk factors, and prevention - a 12 year follow-up study in Nauru. DiabetesCare 1996;19:710-4.Isakov E, Budoragin N, Shenhav S, Mendelevich I, Korzets A, Susak Z. Anatomic sites of foot lesionsresulting in amputation among diabetics and non diabetics. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 1995;74:130-3.Isotani H, Fukumoto Y. Reversibility of autonomic nerve function in relation to rapid improvement ofglycaemic control. Horm Metab Res 2000;32:115-7.Jacobs AM, Appleman KK. Foot-ulcer prevention in the elderly diabetic patient. Clin Geriatr Med1999;15:351-69.Jannink MJ, van Dijk H, de Vries J, Groothoff JW, Lankhorst GJ. A systematic review of themethodological quality and extent to which evaluation studies measure the usability of orthopaedicshoes. Clin Rehabil 2004;18:15-26.118
Jeffcoate W, Lima J, Nobrega L. The Charcot foot. Diabet Med 2000;17:253-8.Jirkovska A, Boucek P, Woskova V, Bartos V, Skibova J. Identification of patients at risk for diabeticfoot. A comparison of standardised noninvasive testing with routine practice at community diabetesclinics. J Diabetes Complications. 2001;15:63-8.Jude EB, Oyibo SO, Chalmers N, Boulton AJM. Peripheral arterial disease in diabetic and nondiabeticpatients: a comparison of severity and outcome. Diabetes Care 2001;24:1433-7.Kalani M, Brismar K, Fagrell B, Ostergren J, Jorneskog G. Transcutaneous oxygen tension and toeblood pressure as predictors for outcome of diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetes Care 1999;22:147-51.Kalani M, Apelqvist J, Blomback M, Brismar K, Eliasson B, Eriksson JW, Fagrell B, Hamsten A,Torffvit O, Jorneskog G. Effect of dalteparin on healing of chronic foot ulcers in diabetic patients withperipheral arterial occlusive disease: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlledstudy. Diabetes Care 2003;26:2575-80.Katoulis EC, Ebdon-Parry M, Hollis S, Harrison AJ, Vileikyte L, Kulkarni J, Boulton AJ. Posturalinstability in diabetic neuropathic patients at risk of foot ulceration. Diabet Med 1997;14:296-300.Kawano M, Omori Y, Katayama S, Kawakami M, Suzuki Y, Takahashi K, Takemura Y, Nagata N,Hiratsuka A, Matsuzaki F, Kanazawa Y, Akanuma Y. A questionnaire for neurological symptoms inpatients with diabetes - cross-sectional multicentre study in Saitama Prefecture, Japan. Diabet Res ClinPract 2001;54:41-7.Katsilambros NL, Tsapogas PC, Arvanitis MP, Tritos NA, Alexiou ZP, Rigas KL. Risk factors forlower extremity arterial disease in non-insulin-dependent diabetic persons. Diabet Med 1996;13:243-6.Kazmers A, Koski MF, Groehn H, Oust G, Meeker C, Bickford-Laub T, Abson K. Bass N. Assessmentof noninvasive lower extremity arterial testing versus pulse exam. Am Surg 1996;62:315-9.Kerr CP. Improving outcomes in diabetes: a review of the outpatient care of NIDDM patients. J FamPract 1995;40:63-75.King H, Aubert RE, Herman WH. Global burden of diabetes, 1995-2025: prevalence, numericalestimates, and projections. Diabetes Care 1998;21:1414-31.Klein R, Klein BEK. Relation of glycemic control to diabetic complications and health outcomes.Diabetes Care 1998;21(Suppl 3):C39-43.Knowles EA, Boulton AJM. Do people with diabetes wear their prescribed footwear? Diabet Med1996;13:1064-8.Knowles EA, Gem J, Boulton AJM. The diabetic foot and the role of a multidisciplinary clinic. JWound Care 1996;5:452-4.Kumar S, Fernando DJS, Veves A, Knowles EA, Young MJ, Boulton AJM. Semmes-Weinsteinmonofilaments: a simple, effective and inexpensive screening device for identifying diabetic patients atrisk of foot ulceration. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1991;13:63-7.Larsson J, Agardh CD, Apelqvist J, Stenstrom A. Clinical characteristics in relation to final amputationlevel in diabetic patients with foot ulcers: a prospective study of healing below or above the ankle in187 patients. Foot Ankle Int 1995;16:69-74.Larsson J, Apelqvist J. Towards less amputations in diabetic patients. Incidence, causes, cost,treatment, and prevention--a review.Acta Orthop Scand 1995;66:181-92.119
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National Evidence Based Guidelinesf
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Research OfficersMs Linda SmithPodi
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2.2 Issues for Foot Problems in Typ
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• Aim to achieve the best possibl
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Background - Peripheral Neuropathy
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proportion of subjects with a durat
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and an OR 1.1-7.8. This study also
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Summary - Peripheral Neuropathy as
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Section 2: Diabetes Foot ProblemsIs
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predicting risk of amputation, 2.9
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Summary - Peripheral Vascular Disea
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Evidence - Foot Deformity and Previ
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people with both LJM and neuropathy
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Summary - Foot Deformity and Previo
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Also in the Seattle study, 67 peopl
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Summary - Ulcer as a Risk Factor fo
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The other frequently reported metho
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side; and 82% having the same resul
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Evidence Table: Section 5Detection
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Background - Clinical Detection of
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pulse was bilaterally absent in 1.8
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Evidence Table: Section 6AuthorClin
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Background - Frequency of Foot Exam
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Summary - Frequency of Foot Examina
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Behaviour assessment scores, measur
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Mazzuca et al (1986) studies 532 pe
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with before the programme, after 1-
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Evidence Table: Section 8AuthorEffe
Page 68 and 69: Background - Glycaemic Control and
Page 70 and 71: In a previous Japanese randomised s
Page 72 and 73: Evidence Table: Section 9AuthorGlyc
Page 74 and 75: Background - Footwear to Reduce Ulc
Page 76 and 77: period. In addition people without
Page 78 and 79: Comparisons of in-shoe foot pressur
Page 80 and 81: The rate of plantar callus formatio
Page 82 and 83: Evidence Table: Section 10AuthorFoo
Page 84 and 85: Background - Foot Clinics and Multi
Page 86 and 87: A prospective non randomised contro
Page 88 and 89: Summary - Foot Clinics and Multi-di
Page 90 and 91: Section 12: Diabetes Foot ProblemsI
Page 92 and 93: and/or osteomyelitis; III - fore-fo
Page 94 and 95: Summary - Economic consequences•
Page 96 and 97: Section 13: Diabetes Foot ProblemsI
Page 98 and 99: Some ethnic groups are associated w
Page 100 and 101: Evidence Table: Section 13AuthorSoc
Page 102 and 103: Calle-Pascual AL, Duran A, Diaz A,
Page 104 and 105: Jannink MJ, van Dijk H, de Vries J,
Page 106 and 107: Moss SE, Klein R, Klein BE. The 14-
Page 108 and 109: Soulier SM, Godsey C, Asay ED, Perr
Page 110 and 111: Diabetes Foot Problems: General Ref
Page 112 and 113: McNeely MJ, Boyko EJ, Ahroni JH, St
Page 114 and 115: Diabetes Foot Problems: Other Refer
Page 116 and 117: Caputo GM, Cavanagh PR, Ulbrecht JS
Page 120 and 121: Lavery LA, Armstrong DG, Wunderlich
Page 122 and 123: Payne C. Regional variations of dia
Page 124 and 125: Tovi J, Svanborg E, Nilsson BY, Eng
Page 126 and 127: Criteria used to determine the suit
Page 128 and 129: QUESTIONS KEY WORDS NO.ARTICLESIDEN
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Part 6: Detection and Prevention of Foot Problems in Type 2 Diabetes

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