Part 6: Detection and Prevention of Foot Problems in Type 2 Diabetes

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Diabetes Foot Problems: General ReferencesApelqvist J, Larsson J, Agardh CD. The influence of external precipitating factors and peripheralneuropathy on the development and outcome of diabetic foot ulcers. J Diabetes Complications1990;4:21-5.Apelqvist J, Larsson J, Agardh CD. Long-term prognosis for diabetic patients with foot ulcers. J IntMed 1993;233:485-91.Apelqvist J, Ragnarson-Tennvall G, Persson U, Larsson J. Diabetic foot ulcers in a multidisciplinarysetting. An economic analysis of primary healing and healing with amputation. J Intern Med1994;235:463-71.Armstrong DG, Lavery LA, Vela SA, Quebedeaux TL, Fleischli JG. Choosing a practical screeninginstrument to indentify patients at risk for diabetic foot ulceration. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:289-92.Batts ML, Gary TL, Huss K, Hill MN, Bone L, Brancati FL. Patients priorities and needs for diabetescare among urban African American adults. Diabetes Educ 2001; 27: 405-12.Bild DE, Selby JV, Sinnock P, Browner WS, Braveman P, Showstack JA. Lower-extremity amputationin people with diabetes. Epidemiology and prevention. Diabetes Care 1989;12:24-31.Birke JA, Sims DS. Plantar sensory threshold in the ulcerative foot. Lepr Rev 1986;57:261-7.Boyko EJ, Ahroni JH, Stensel V, Forsberg RC, Davignon DR, Smith DG. A prospective study of riskfactors for diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetes Care 1999;22:1036-42.Cavanagh PR, Ulbrecht JS, Caputo GM. Biomechanical aspects of diabetic foot disease; aetiology,treatment, and prevention. Diabet Med 1996;13(Suppl 1):S17-22.Chantelau E, Haage P. An audit of cushioned diabetic footwear: relation to patient compliance. DiabetMed 1994;11:114-6.Colagiuri S, Colagiuri R, Ward J. National diabetes strategy and implementation plan. DiabetesAustralia;Canberra:1998.Colagiuri S, Colagiuri R, Conway B, Grainger D, Davey P. DiabCo$t Australia: Assessing the burdenof Type 2 diabetes in Australia. Diabetes Australia;Canberra:2003.Connor H. The St Vincent amputation target: the cost of achieving it and the cost of failure. PracticalDiabetes Interantional 1997; 14: 152-3.Davis TM, Stratton IM, Fox CJ, Holman RR, Turner RC. UK Prospective Diabetes Study 22. Effect ofage at diagnosis on diabetic tissue damage during the first 6 years of NIDDM. Diabetes Care1997;20:1435-41.Day MR, Harkless LB. Factors associated with pedal ulceration with diabetes mellitus. J Am PodiatrMed Assoc 1997;87:365-9.de Heus-van Putten MA, Schaper NC, Bakker K. The clinical examination of the diabetic foot in dailypractice. Diabet Med 1996;13(Suppl 1):S55-7.Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment ofdiabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetesmellitus. N Engl J Med 1993;329:977-86.Dyck PJ. Detection, characterisation, and staging of polyneuropathy assessed in diabetics. MuscleNerve 1988;11:21-32.110
Edmonds ME, Blundell MP, Morris ME, Maelor Thomas LT, Cotton LT, Watkins PJ. Improvedsurvival of the diabetic foot: the role of a specialised foot clinic. Quart J Med 1986;60:763-71.Ewald D, Patel M, Hall G. Hospital separations indicate increasing need for prevention of diabetic footcomplications in central Australia. Aust J Rural Health 2001;9:275-9.Faglia E, Favales F, Quarantiello A, Calia P, Clelia P, Brambilla G, Rampoldi A, Morabito A.Angiographic evaluation of peripheral arterial occlusive disease and its role as a prognostic determinantfor major amputation in diabetic subjects with foot ulcers. Diabetes Care 1998;21:625-30.Fletton JA, Perkins J, Jaap AJ, Brash PD, Tooke JE. Is community chiropodial/podiatric careappropriately targeted at the 'at-risk' diabetic foot? Foot 1995;5:176-9.Halar EM, Hammond MC, LaCava EC, Camann C, Ward J. Sensory perception thresholdmeasurement: an evaluation of semiobjective testing devices. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1987;68:499-507.Hiatt WR, Sussman KE. Peripheral arterial disease in the patient with diabetes mellitus. Can we make adifference? Diabetes Res Clin Prac 1994;24:65-7.Hill-Briggs F, Gary TL, Hill MN, Bone LR, Brancati FL. Health-related quality of life in urban AfricanAmericans with type 2 diabetes. J Gen Intern Med 2002;17:412-9.International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot. International consensus on the diabetic foot.Amsterdam:1999.Kastenbauer T, Sokol G, Auinger M, Irsigler K. Running shoes for relief of plantar pressure in diabeticpatients. Diabet Med 1998;15:518-22.Krans HH, Perta M, Keen K. Eurodiabcare: Diabetes Care and Research in Europe. The St VincentDeclaration Action Programme. WHO;Copenhagen:1992.Larsson J, Agardh CD, Apelqvist J, Stenstrom A. Long term prognosis after healed amputation inpatients with diabetes. Clin Orthop 1998;350:149-58.Larsson J, Apelqvist J, Agardh CD, Stenstrom A. Decreasing incidence of major amputation in diabeticpatients: a consequence of a multidisciplinary foot care team approach. Diabet Med 1995;12:770-6.Lavery LA, Vela SA, Fleischli JG, Armstrong DG, Lavery DC. Reducing plantar pressure in theneuropathic foot. A comparison of footwear. Diabetes Care 1997;20:1706-10.Levin ME. Preventing amputation in the patient with diabetes. Diabetes Care 1995;18:1383-93.LoGerfo FW, Coffman JD. Vascular and microvascular disease of the foot in diabetes. Implications forfoot care. N Engl J Med 1984;311:1615-9.Mason J, O'Keeffe C, McIntosh A, Hutchinson A, Booth A, Young RJ. A systematic review of footulcer in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. I: prevention. Diabet Med 1999;16:801-12.Mayfield JA, Reiber GE, Nelson RG, Greene T. A foot risk classification system to predict diabeticamputation in Pima Indians. Diabetes Care 1996;19:704-9.Mayfield JA, Reiber GE, Sanders LJ, Janisse D, Pogach LM. Preventive foot care in people withdiabetes. Diabetes Care 1998;21:2161-77.McCabe CJ, Stevenson RC, Dolan AM. Evaluation of a diabetic foot screening and protectionprogramme. Diabet Med 1998;15:80-4.111
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National Evidence Based Guidelinesf
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Research OfficersMs Linda SmithPodi
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2.2 Issues for Foot Problems in Typ
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• Aim to achieve the best possibl
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Background - Peripheral Neuropathy
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proportion of subjects with a durat
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and an OR 1.1-7.8. This study also
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Summary - Peripheral Neuropathy as
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Section 2: Diabetes Foot ProblemsIs
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predicting risk of amputation, 2.9
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Summary - Peripheral Vascular Disea
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Evidence - Foot Deformity and Previ
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people with both LJM and neuropathy
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Summary - Foot Deformity and Previo
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Also in the Seattle study, 67 peopl
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Summary - Ulcer as a Risk Factor fo
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The other frequently reported metho
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side; and 82% having the same resul
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Evidence Table: Section 5Detection
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Background - Clinical Detection of
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pulse was bilaterally absent in 1.8
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Evidence Table: Section 6AuthorClin
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Background - Frequency of Foot Exam
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Summary - Frequency of Foot Examina
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Page 60 and 61: Behaviour assessment scores, measur
Page 62 and 63: Mazzuca et al (1986) studies 532 pe
Page 64 and 65: with before the programme, after 1-
Page 66 and 67: Evidence Table: Section 8AuthorEffe
Page 68 and 69: Background - Glycaemic Control and
Page 70 and 71: In a previous Japanese randomised s
Page 72 and 73: Evidence Table: Section 9AuthorGlyc
Page 74 and 75: Background - Footwear to Reduce Ulc
Page 76 and 77: period. In addition people without
Page 78 and 79: Comparisons of in-shoe foot pressur
Page 80 and 81: The rate of plantar callus formatio
Page 82 and 83: Evidence Table: Section 10AuthorFoo
Page 84 and 85: Background - Foot Clinics and Multi
Page 86 and 87: A prospective non randomised contro
Page 88 and 89: Summary - Foot Clinics and Multi-di
Page 90 and 91: Section 12: Diabetes Foot ProblemsI
Page 92 and 93: and/or osteomyelitis; III - fore-fo
Page 94 and 95: Summary - Economic consequences•
Page 96 and 97: Section 13: Diabetes Foot ProblemsI
Page 98 and 99: Some ethnic groups are associated w
Page 100 and 101: Evidence Table: Section 13AuthorSoc
Page 102 and 103: Calle-Pascual AL, Duran A, Diaz A,
Page 104 and 105: Jannink MJ, van Dijk H, de Vries J,
Page 106 and 107: Moss SE, Klein R, Klein BE. The 14-
Page 108 and 109: Soulier SM, Godsey C, Asay ED, Perr
Page 112 and 113: McNeely MJ, Boyko EJ, Ahroni JH, St
Page 114 and 115: Diabetes Foot Problems: Other Refer
Page 116 and 117: Caputo GM, Cavanagh PR, Ulbrecht JS
Page 118 and 119: Garbalosa JC, Cavanagh PR, Wu G, Ul
Page 120 and 121: Lavery LA, Armstrong DG, Wunderlich
Page 122 and 123: Payne C. Regional variations of dia
Page 124 and 125: Tovi J, Svanborg E, Nilsson BY, Eng
Page 126 and 127: Criteria used to determine the suit
Page 128 and 129: QUESTIONS KEY WORDS NO.ARTICLESIDEN
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Part 6: Detection and Prevention of Foot Problems in Type 2 Diabetes

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