Part 6: Detection and Prevention of Foot Problems in Type 2 Diabetes
Part 6: Detection and Prevention of Foot Problems in Type 2 Diabetes Part 6: Detection and Prevention of Foot Problems in Type 2 Diabetes
Moss SE, Klein R, Klein BE. The 14-year incidence of lower-extremity amputations in the diabeticpopulation. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. Diabetes Care 1999;22:951-9.Moulik PK, Mtonga R, Gill GV. Amputation and mortality in new-onset diabetic foot ulcers stratifiedby etiology. Diabetes Care 2003;26:491-4.Murray HJ, Young MJ, Hollis S, Boulton AJ. The association between callus formation, high pressuresand neuropathy in diabetic foot ulceration. Diabet Med 1996;13:979-82.NSW Department of Health. Improving Diabetes Care & Outcomes. Principles of care and guidelinesfor the clinical management of diabetes mellitus v1.3. NSW Department of Health;Sydney:1996.Ohkubo Y, Kishikawa H, Araki E, Miyata T, Isami S, Motoyoshi S, Kojima Y, Furuyoshi N, ShichiriM. Intensive insulin therapy prevents the progression of diabetic microvascular complications inJapanese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a randomised prospective 6 year study.Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1995;28:103-17.Ortegon MM, Redekop WK, Niessen LW. Cost-effectiveness of prevention and treatment of thediabetic foot: A Markov analysis. Diabetes Care 2004;27:901-7.Oyibo SO, Jude EB, Tarawneh I, Nguyen HC, Armstrong DG, Harkless LB, Boulton AJ. The effects ofulcer size and site, sex and type and duration of diabetes on the outcome of diabetic foot ulcers. DiabetMed 2001;18:133-8.Quebedeaux TL, Lavery LA, Lavery DC. The development of foot deformities and ulcers after greattoe amputation in diabetes. Diabetes Care 1996;19:165-7.Pataky Z, Golay A, Faravel L, Da Silva J, Makoundou V, Peter-Riesch B, Assal JP. The impact ofcallosities on the magnitude and duration of plantar pressure in patients with diabetes mellitus.Diabetes Metab 2002;28:356-61.Patout CA Jr, Birke JA, Horswell R, Williams D, Cerise FP. Effectiveness of a comprehensive diabeteslower-extremity amputation prevention program in a apredominantly low-income African-Americanpopulation. Diabetes Care 2000;23:1339-42.Pecoraro RE, Reiber GE, Burgess EM. Pathways to diabetic limb amputation. Basis for prevention.Diabetes Care 1990;13:513-20.Perry JE, Ulbrecht JS, Derr JA, Cavanagh PR. The use of running shoes to reduce plantar pressures inpatients who have diabetes. J Bone Joint Surg 1995;77:1819-28.Peters EJ, Lavery LA. Effectiveness of the diabetic foot risk classification system of the internationalworking group on the diabetic foot. Diabetes Care 2001;24:1442-7.Pham H, Armstrong DG, Harvey C, Harkless LB, Giurini JM, Veves A. Screening techniques toidentify people at high risk for diabetic foot ulceration. A prospective multicenter trial. Diabetes Care2000;23:606-11.Pieber TR, Holler A, Siebenhofer A, Brunner GA, Semlitsch B, Schattenberg S, Zapotoczky H, RainerW, Krejs GJ. Evaluation of a structured teaching and treatment programme for Type 2 diabetes ingeneral practice in a rural area of Austria. Diabet Med 1995;12:349-54.Pinzur MS, Stuck R, Sage R, Pocius L, Trout B, Wolf B, Vrbos L. Benchmark analysis on diabetics athigh risk for lower extremity amputation. Foot Ankle Int 1996;17:695-700.Pitei DL, Foster A, Edmonds M. The effect of regular callus removal on foot pressures. J Foot AnkleSurg 1999;38:251-5.106
Plank J, Haas W, Rakovac I, Gorzer E, Sommer R, Siebenhofer A, Pieber TR. Evaluation of the impactof chiropodist care in the secondary prevention of foot ulcerations in diabetic subjects. Diabetes Care2003;26:1691-5.Praet SF, Louwerens JW. The influence of shoe design on plantar pressures in neuropathic feet.Diabetes Care 2003;26:441-5.Ragnarson Tennvall G, Apelqvist J. Prevention of diabetes-related foot ulcers and amputations: a costutilityanalysis based on Markov model simulations. Diabetologia 2001;44:2077-87.Ramsey SD, Newton K, Blough D, McCulloch DK, Sandhu N, Reiber GE, Wagner EH. Incidence,outcomes, and cost of foot ulcers in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care 1999;22:382-7.Raspovic A, Newcombe L, Lloyd J, Dalton E. Effect of customised insoles on vertical plantar pressuresin sites of previous neuropathic ulceration in the diabetic foot. Foot 2000;10:133-8.Reiber GE, Pecoraro RE, Koepsell TD. Risk factors for amputation in patients with diabetes mellitus.A case-control study. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:97-105.Reiber GE, Vileikyte L, Boyko EJ, del Aguila M, Smith DG, Lavery LA, Boulton AJ. Causal pathwaysfor incident lower-extremity ulcers in patients with diabetes from two settings. Diabetes Care1999;22:157-62.Reiber GE, Smith DG, Wallace C, Sullivan K, Hayes S, Vath C, Maciejewski ML, Yu O, Heagerty PJ,LeMaster J. Effect of therapeutic footwear on foot reulceration in patients with diabetes: a randomisedcontrol trial. JAMA 2002a;287:2552-8.Reiber GE, Smith DG, Wallace CM, Vath CA, Sullivan K, Hayes S, Yu O, Martin D, Maciejewski M.Footwear used by individuals with diabetes and a history of foot ulcer. J Rehabil Res Dev2002b;39:615-22.Rettig BA, Shrauger DG, Recker RR, Gallagher TF, Wiltse H. A randomized study of the effects of ahome diabetes education program. Diabetes Care 1986;9:173-8.Rith-Najarian S, Branchaud C, Beaulieu O, Gohdes D, Simonson G, Mazze R. Reducing lowerextremityamputations due to diabetes. Application of the staged diabetes management approach in aprimary care setting. J Fam Pract 1998;47:127-32.Rith-Najarian SJ, Stolusky T, Gohdes DM. Identifying diabetic patients at high risk for lower-extremityamputaion in a primary health care setting. A prospective evaluation of simple screening criteria.Diabetes Care 1992;15:1386-9.Robertson GS, Ristic CD, Bullen BR. The incidence of congenitally absent foot pulses. Ann R CollSurg Engl 1990;72:99-100.Ronnemaa T, Hamalainen H, Toikka T, Liukkonen I. Evaluation of the impact of podiatrist care in theprimary prevention of foot problems in diabetic subjects. Diabetes Care 1997;20:1833-7.Sarnow MR, Veves A, Giurini JM, Rosenblum BI, Chrzan JS, Habershaw GM. In-shoe foot pressuremeasurements in diabetic patients with at-risk feet and in healthy subjects. Diabetes Care1994;17:1002-6.ScHARR (School of Health and Related Research). Clinical guidelines for Type 2 diabetes. Preventionand treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. RCGP; London: 1999.Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Diabetic Foot Disease. Scottish Intercollegiate GuidelinesNetwork; Edinburgh: 1997.Simmons D, Scott D, Kenealy T, Scragg R. Foot care among diabetic patients in south Auckland. NZMed J 1995;108:106-8.107
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Plank J, Haas W, Rakovac I, Gorzer E, Sommer R, Siebenh<strong>of</strong>er A, Pieber TR. Evaluation <strong>of</strong> the impact<strong>of</strong> chiropodist care <strong>in</strong> the secondary prevention <strong>of</strong> foot ulcerations <strong>in</strong> diabetic subjects. <strong>Diabetes</strong> Care2003;26:1691-5.Praet SF, Louwerens JW. The <strong>in</strong>fluence <strong>of</strong> shoe design on plantar pressures <strong>in</strong> neuropathic feet.<strong>Diabetes</strong> Care 2003;26:441-5.Ragnarson Tennvall G, Apelqvist J. <strong>Prevention</strong> <strong>of</strong> diabetes-related foot ulcers <strong>and</strong> amputations: a costutilityanalysis based on Markov model simulations. Diabetologia 2001;44:2077-87.Ramsey SD, Newton K, Blough D, McCulloch DK, S<strong>and</strong>hu N, Reiber GE, Wagner EH. Incidence,outcomes, <strong>and</strong> cost <strong>of</strong> foot ulcers <strong>in</strong> patients with diabetes. <strong>Diabetes</strong> Care 1999;22:382-7.Raspovic A, Newcombe L, Lloyd J, Dalton E. Effect <strong>of</strong> customised <strong>in</strong>soles on vertical plantar pressures<strong>in</strong> sites <strong>of</strong> previous neuropathic ulceration <strong>in</strong> the diabetic foot. <strong>Foot</strong> 2000;10:133-8.Reiber GE, Pecoraro RE, Koepsell TD. Risk factors for amputation <strong>in</strong> patients with diabetes mellitus.A case-control study. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:97-105.Reiber GE, Vileikyte L, Boyko EJ, del Aguila M, Smith DG, Lavery LA, Boulton AJ. Causal pathwaysfor <strong>in</strong>cident lower-extremity ulcers <strong>in</strong> patients with diabetes from two sett<strong>in</strong>gs. <strong>Diabetes</strong> Care1999;22:157-62.Reiber GE, Smith DG, Wallace C, Sullivan K, Hayes S, Vath C, Maciejewski ML, Yu O, Heagerty PJ,LeMaster J. Effect <strong>of</strong> therapeutic footwear on foot reulceration <strong>in</strong> patients with diabetes: a r<strong>and</strong>omisedcontrol trial. JAMA 2002a;287:2552-8.Reiber GE, Smith DG, Wallace CM, Vath CA, Sullivan K, Hayes S, Yu O, Mart<strong>in</strong> D, Maciejewski M.<strong>Foot</strong>wear used by <strong>in</strong>dividuals with diabetes <strong>and</strong> a history <strong>of</strong> foot ulcer. J Rehabil Res Dev2002b;39:615-22.Rettig BA, Shrauger DG, Recker RR, Gallagher TF, Wiltse H. A r<strong>and</strong>omized study <strong>of</strong> the effects <strong>of</strong> ahome diabetes education program. <strong>Diabetes</strong> Care 1986;9:173-8.Rith-Najarian S, Branchaud C, Beaulieu O, Gohdes D, Simonson G, Mazze R. Reduc<strong>in</strong>g lowerextremityamputations due to diabetes. Application <strong>of</strong> the staged diabetes management approach <strong>in</strong> aprimary care sett<strong>in</strong>g. J Fam Pract 1998;47:127-32.Rith-Najarian SJ, Stolusky T, Gohdes DM. Identify<strong>in</strong>g diabetic patients at high risk for lower-extremityamputaion <strong>in</strong> a primary health care sett<strong>in</strong>g. A prospective evaluation <strong>of</strong> simple screen<strong>in</strong>g criteria.<strong>Diabetes</strong> Care 1992;15:1386-9.Robertson GS, Ristic CD, Bullen BR. The <strong>in</strong>cidence <strong>of</strong> congenitally absent foot pulses. Ann R CollSurg Engl 1990;72:99-100.Ronnemaa T, Hamala<strong>in</strong>en H, Toikka T, Liukkonen I. Evaluation <strong>of</strong> the impact <strong>of</strong> podiatrist care <strong>in</strong> theprimary prevention <strong>of</strong> foot problems <strong>in</strong> diabetic subjects. <strong>Diabetes</strong> Care 1997;20:1833-7.Sarnow MR, Veves A, Giur<strong>in</strong>i JM, Rosenblum BI, Chrzan JS, Habershaw GM. In-shoe foot pressuremeasurements <strong>in</strong> diabetic patients with at-risk feet <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> healthy subjects. <strong>Diabetes</strong> Care1994;17:1002-6.ScHARR (School <strong>of</strong> Health <strong>and</strong> Related Research). Cl<strong>in</strong>ical guidel<strong>in</strong>es for <strong>Type</strong> 2 diabetes. <strong>Prevention</strong><strong>and</strong> treatment <strong>of</strong> diabetic foot ulcers. RCGP; London: 1999.Scottish Intercollegiate Guidel<strong>in</strong>es Network. Diabetic <strong>Foot</strong> Disease. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidel<strong>in</strong>esNetwork; Ed<strong>in</strong>burgh: 1997.Simmons D, Scott D, Kenealy T, Scragg R. <strong>Foot</strong> care among diabetic patients <strong>in</strong> south Auckl<strong>and</strong>. NZMed J 1995;108:106-8.107
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