v2007.09.13 - Convex Optimization

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260 CHAPTER 4. SEMIDEFINITE PROGRAMMINGorientation and eccentricity as one recedes from a sensor. Each unknownsensor must therefore instead be bound to its own particular range ofdistance, primarily determined by the terrain. 4.24 The nonconvex problemwe must instead solve is:find {x i , x j }i , j ∈ I(634)subject to d ij ≤ ‖x i − x j ‖ 2 ≤ d ijwhere x i represents sensor location, and where d ij and d ij respectivelyrepresent lower and upper bounds on measured distance from i th to j thsensor (or from sensor to anchor). Figure 67 illustrates contours of equalsensor-location uncertainty. By establishing these individual upper and lowerbounds, orientation and eccentricity can effectively be incorporated into theproblem statement.Generally speaking, there can be no unique solution to the sensor-networklocalization problem because there is no unique formulation; that is the art ofoptimization. Any optimal solution obtained depends on whether or how thenetwork is partitioned and how the problem is formulated. When a particularformulation is a convex optimization problem, then the set of all optimalsolutions forms a convex set containing the actual or true localization.Measurement noise precludes equality constraints representing distance. Theoptimal solution set is consequently expanded; necessitated by introductionof distance inequalities admitting more and higher-rank solutions. Evenwere the optimal solution set a single point, it is not necessarily the truelocalization because there is little hope of exact localization by any algorithmonce significant noise is introduced.Carter & Jin gauge performance of their heuristics to the SDP formulationof author Biswas whom they regard as vanguard to the art. [12,1] Biswasposed localization as an optimization problem minimizing a distance measure.[35] [33] Intuitively, minimization of any distance measure yields compactedsolutions; (confer6.4.0.0.1) precisely the anomaly motivating Carter & Jin.Their two-dimensional heuristics outperformed Biswas’ localizations bothin execution-time and proximity to the desired result. Perhaps, instead ofheuristics, Biswas’ approach to localization can be improved: [32] [34].The sensor-network localization problem is considered difficult. [12,2]Rank constraints in optimization are considered more difficult. In what4.24 A distinct contour map corresponding to each anchor is required in practice.
4.4. RANK-CONSTRAINED SEMIDEFINITE PROGRAM 2612314Figure 63: 2-lattice in R 2 , hand-drawn. Nodes 3 and 4 are anchors;remaining nodes are sensors. Radio range of sensor 1 indicated by arc.follows, we present the localization problem as a semidefinite program(equivalent to (634)) having an explicit rank constraint which controlsEuclidean dimension of an optimal solution. We show how to achieve thatrank constraint only if the feasible set contains a matrix of desired rank.Our problem formulation is extensible to any spatial dimension.proposed standardized testJin proposes an academic test in real Euclidean two-dimensional spaceR 2 that we adopt. In essence, this test is a localization of sensors andanchors arranged in a regular triangular lattice. Lattice connectivity issolely determined by sensor radio range; a connectivity graph is assumedincomplete. In the interest of test standardization, we propose adoptionof a few small examples: Figure 63 through Figure 66 and their particularconnectivity represented by matrices (635) through (638) respectively.0 • ? •• 0 • •? • 0 ◦• • ◦ 0(635)Matrix entries dot • indicate measurable distance between nodes whileunknown distance is denoted by ? (question mark). Matrix entrieshollow dot ◦ represent known distance between anchors (to very high
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DATTORROCONVEXOPTIMIZATION&EUCLIDEA
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Convex Optimization&Euclidean Dista
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for Jennie Columba♦Antonio♦♦&
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PreludeThe constant demands of my d
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Convex Optimization&Euclidean Dista
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CONVEX OPTIMIZATION & EUCLIDEAN DIS
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List of Figures1 Overview 191 Orion
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LIST OF FIGURES 1559 Quadratic func
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LIST OF FIGURES 17E Projection 5791
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Chapter 1OverviewConvex Optimizatio
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ˇx 4ˇx 3ˇx 2Figure 2: Applicatio
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23Figure 4: This coarsely discretiz
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ases (biorthogonal expansion). We e
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27Figure 7: These bees construct a
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its membership to the EDM cone. The
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31appendicesProvided so as to be mo
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Chapter 2Convex geometryConvexity h
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2.1. CONVEX SET 35Figure 9: A slab
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2.1. CONVEX SET 372.1.6 empty set v
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2.1. CONVEX SET 392.1.7.1 Line inte
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2.1. CONVEX SET 41(a)R 2(b)R 3(c)(d
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2.1. CONVEX SET 43This theorem in c
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2.2. VECTORIZED-MATRIX INNER PRODUC
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2.3. HULLS 53Figure 12: Convex hull
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2.3. HULLS 55Aaffine hull (drawn tr
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2.3. HULLS 57The union of relative
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2.4. HALFSPACE, HYPERPLANE 59of dim
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2.4. HALFSPACE, HYPERPLANE 61H +ay
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2.4. HALFSPACE, HYPERPLANE 63Inters
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2.4. HALFSPACE, HYPERPLANE 65Conver
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2.4. HALFSPACE, HYPERPLANE 67A 1A 2
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2.4. HALFSPACE, HYPERPLANE 69tradit
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2.4. HALFSPACE, HYPERPLANE 71There
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2.5. SUBSPACE REPRESENTATIONS 732.5
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2.5. SUBSPACE REPRESENTATIONS 752.5
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2.6. EXTREME, EXPOSED 77In other wo
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2.6. EXTREME, EXPOSED 792.6.1 Expos
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2.7. CONES 812.6.1.3.1 Definition.
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2.7. CONES 830Figure 24: Boundary o
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2.7. CONES 852.7.2 Convex coneWe ca
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2.7. CONES 87Thus the simplest and
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2.7. CONES 89nomenclature generaliz
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2.8. CONE BOUNDARY 91Proper cone {0
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2.8. CONE BOUNDARY 93the same extre
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96 CHAPTER 2. CONVEX GEOMETRYBCADFi
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98 CHAPTER 2. CONVEX GEOMETRYThe po
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100 CHAPTER 2. CONVEX GEOMETRY2.9.0
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102 CHAPTER 2. CONVEX GEOMETRYwhere
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104 CHAPTER 2. CONVEX GEOMETRY√2
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106 CHAPTER 2. CONVEX GEOMETRYwhich
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108 CHAPTER 2. CONVEX GEOMETRY2.9.2
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110 CHAPTER 2. CONVEX GEOMETRYA con
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2.9. POSITIVE SEMIDEFINITE (PSD) CO
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2.10. CONIC INDEPENDENCE (C.I.) 121
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2.12. CONVEX POLYHEDRA 127It follow
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2.12. CONVEX POLYHEDRA 129Coefficie
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2.12. CONVEX POLYHEDRA 1312.12.3 Un
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2.12. CONVEX POLYHEDRA 133
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2.13. DUAL CONE & GENERALIZED INEQU
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Chapter 3Geometry of convex functio
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3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 185f 1 (x)f 2
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3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 1873.1.3 norm
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3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 189where the n
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3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 191where k ∈
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3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 193f(z)Az 2z 1
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3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 195{a T z 1 +
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3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 197When an epi
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3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 199orthonormal
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3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 201[30,1.1] Ex
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3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 20321.510.5Y 2
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3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 2053.1.8.0.1 E
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3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 207This equiva
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Page 211 and 212: 3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 211[ Yt]∈ ep
Page 213 and 214: 3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 213→Y −Xwh
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Page 221 and 222: 3.3. QUASICONVEX 221A quasiconcave
Page 223 and 224: 3.4. SALIENT PROPERTIES 2236.A nonn
Page 225 and 226: Chapter 4Semidefinite programmingPr
Page 227 and 228: 4.1. CONIC PROBLEM 227where K is a
Page 229 and 230: 4.1. CONIC PROBLEM 229C0PΓ 1Γ 2S+
Page 231 and 232: 4.1. CONIC PROBLEM 231faces of S 3
Page 233 and 234: 4.1. CONIC PROBLEM 2334.1.1.3 Previ
Page 235 and 236: 4.2. FRAMEWORK 235Equivalently, pri
Page 237 and 238: 4.2. FRAMEWORK 237is positive semid
Page 239 and 240: 4.2. FRAMEWORK 239Optimal value of
Page 241 and 242: 4.2. FRAMEWORK 2414.2.3.0.2 Example
Page 243 and 244: 4.2. FRAMEWORK 243where δ is the m
Page 245 and 246: 4.2. FRAMEWORK 2454.2.3.0.3 Example
Page 247 and 248: 4.3. RANK REDUCTION 2474.3 Rank red
Page 249 and 250: 4.3. RANK REDUCTION 249A rank-reduc
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Page 253 and 254: 4.3. RANK REDUCTION 2534.3.3.0.1 Ex
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Page 289 and 290: Chapter 5Euclidean Distance MatrixT
Page 291 and 292: 5.2. FIRST METRIC PROPERTIES 291cor
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Page 297 and 298: 5.4. EDM DEFINITION 297The collecti
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 311whereΦ ij =
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 3135.4.2.2.5 De
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 315105ˇx 4ˇx
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 317corrected by
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 319aptly be app
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 321As before, a
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 323where ([√t
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 325because (A.3
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5.5. INVARIANCE 3275.5.1.0.1 Exampl
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5.6. INJECTIVITY OF D & UNIQUE RECO
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5.7. EMBEDDING IN AFFINE HULL 3355.
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5.7. EMBEDDING IN AFFINE HULL 337Fo
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5.7. EMBEDDING IN AFFINE HULL 3395.
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5.8. EUCLIDEAN METRIC VERSUS MATRIX
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5.9. BRIDGE: CONVEX POLYHEDRA TO ED
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5.10. EDM-ENTRY COMPOSITION 357(ii)
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5.11. EDM INDEFINITENESS 3595.11.1
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5.11. EDM INDEFINITENESS 361(confer
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5.11. EDM INDEFINITENESS 363we have
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5.11. EDM INDEFINITENESS 365For pre
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5.12. LIST RECONSTRUCTION 367where
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5.12. LIST RECONSTRUCTION 369(a)(c)
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5.13. RECONSTRUCTION EXAMPLES 371D
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5.13. RECONSTRUCTION EXAMPLES 373Th
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5.13. RECONSTRUCTION EXAMPLES 375wh
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5.14. FIFTH PROPERTY OF EUCLIDEAN M
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Chapter 6EDM coneFor N > 3, the con
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6.1. DEFINING EDM CONE 3896.1 Defin
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6.2. POLYHEDRAL BOUNDS 391This cone
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6.3.√EDM CONE IS NOT CONVEX 393N
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6.4. A GEOMETRY OF COMPLETION 3956.
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6.4. A GEOMETRY OF COMPLETION 397(a
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6.4. A GEOMETRY OF COMPLETION 399Fi
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6.5. EDM DEFINITION IN 11 T 401and
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6.5. EDM DEFINITION IN 11 T 403then
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6.5. EDM DEFINITION IN 11 T 4056.5.
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6.5. EDM DEFINITION IN 11 T 407D =
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6.6. CORRESPONDENCE TO PSD CONE S N
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6.7. VECTORIZATION & PROJECTION INT
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6.7. VECTORIZATION & PROJECTION INT
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6.8. DUAL EDM CONE 419When the Fins
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6.8. DUAL EDM CONE 421Proof. First,
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6.8. DUAL EDM CONE 423EDM 2 = S 2 h
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6.8. DUAL EDM CONE 425whose veracit
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6.8. DUAL EDM CONE 4276.8.1.3.1 Exe
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6.8. DUAL EDM CONE 429has dual affi
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6.8. DUAL EDM CONE 4316.8.1.7 Schoe
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6.9. THEOREM OF THE ALTERNATIVE 433
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6.10. POSTSCRIPT 435When D is an ED
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Chapter 7Proximity problemsIn summa
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In contrast, order of projection on
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441HS N h0EDM NK = S N h ∩ R N×N
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4437.0.3 Problem approachProblems t
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7.1. FIRST PREVALENT PROBLEM: 445fi
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7.1. FIRST PREVALENT PROBLEM: 4477.
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7.1. FIRST PREVALENT PROBLEM: 449di
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7.1. FIRST PREVALENT PROBLEM: 4517.
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7.1. FIRST PREVALENT PROBLEM: 453wh
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7.1. FIRST PREVALENT PROBLEM: 455Th
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7.2. SECOND PREVALENT PROBLEM: 457O
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7.2. SECOND PREVALENT PROBLEM: 459S
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7.2. SECOND PREVALENT PROBLEM: 461r
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7.2. SECOND PREVALENT PROBLEM: 463c
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7.2. SECOND PREVALENT PROBLEM: 4657
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7.3. THIRD PREVALENT PROBLEM: 467fo
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7.3. THIRD PREVALENT PROBLEM: 469a
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7.3. THIRD PREVALENT PROBLEM: 4717.
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7.3. THIRD PREVALENT PROBLEM: 4737.
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7.3. THIRD PREVALENT PROBLEM: 475Ou
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478 CHAPTER 7. PROXIMITY PROBLEMSth
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480 APPENDIX A. LINEAR ALGEBRAA.1.1
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484 APPENDIX A. LINEAR ALGEBRAonly
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486 APPENDIX A. LINEAR ALGEBRA(AB)
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490 APPENDIX A. LINEAR ALGEBRAFor A
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492 APPENDIX A. LINEAR ALGEBRADiago
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494 APPENDIX A. LINEAR ALGEBRAFor A
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498 APPENDIX A. LINEAR ALGEBRAA.4 S
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502 APPENDIX A. LINEAR ALGEBRAA.5 e
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504 APPENDIX A. LINEAR ALGEBRAs i w
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508 APPENDIX A. LINEAR ALGEBRAΣq 2
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510 APPENDIX A. LINEAR ALGEBRAA.7 Z
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512 APPENDIX A. LINEAR ALGEBRAThere
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516 APPENDIX A. LINEAR ALGEBRA
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518 APPENDIX B. SIMPLE MATRICESB.1
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520 APPENDIX B. SIMPLE MATRICESProo
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522 APPENDIX B. SIMPLE MATRICESB.1.
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524 APPENDIX B. SIMPLE MATRICESN(u
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526 APPENDIX B. SIMPLE MATRICESDue
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530 APPENDIX B. SIMPLE MATRICEShas
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532 APPENDIX B. SIMPLE MATRICESFigu
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Page 536 and 537:
536 APPENDIX C. SOME ANALYTICAL OPT
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Page 550 and 551:
550 APPENDIX D. MATRIX CALCULUSThe
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552 APPENDIX D. MATRIX CALCULUSGrad
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554 APPENDIX D. MATRIX CALCULUSBeca
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556 APPENDIX D. MATRIX CALCULUSwhic
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558 APPENDIX D. MATRIX CALCULUS⎡
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560 APPENDIX D. MATRIX CALCULUS→Y
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562 APPENDIX D. MATRIX CALCULUSD.1.
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564 APPENDIX D. MATRIX CALCULUSwhic
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566 APPENDIX D. MATRIX CALCULUSIn t
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570 APPENDIX D. MATRIX CALCULUSD.2
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572 APPENDIX D. MATRIX CALCULUSalge
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574 APPENDIX D. MATRIX CALCULUStrac
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578 APPENDIX D. MATRIX CALCULUS
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580 APPENDIX E. PROJECTIONThe follo
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582 APPENDIX E. PROJECTIONFor matri
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584 APPENDIX E. PROJECTION(⇐) To
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586 APPENDIX E. PROJECTIONNonorthog
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588 APPENDIX E. PROJECTIONE.2.0.0.1
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590 APPENDIX E. PROJECTIONE.3.2Orth
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592 APPENDIX E. PROJECTIONE.3.5Unif
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594 APPENDIX E. PROJECTIONE.4 Algeb
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596 APPENDIX E. PROJECTIONa ∗ 2K
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598 APPENDIX E. PROJECTIONwhere Y =
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600 APPENDIX E. PROJECTION(B.4.2).
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602 APPENDIX E. PROJECTIONis a nono
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604 APPENDIX E. PROJECTIONE.6.4.1Or
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606 APPENDIX E. PROJECTIONq i q T i
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608 APPENDIX E. PROJECTIONThe test
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610 APPENDIX E. PROJECTIONPerpendic
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612 APPENDIX E. PROJECTIONE.8 Range
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614 APPENDIX E. PROJECTIONAs for su
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616 APPENDIX E. PROJECTIONWith refe
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618 APPENDIX E. PROJECTIONProjectio
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620 APPENDIX E. PROJECTIONE.9.2.2.2
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622 APPENDIX E. PROJECTIONThe foreg
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624 APPENDIX E. PROJECTION❇❇❇
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626 APPENDIX E. PROJECTIONE.10 Alte
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628 APPENDIX E. PROJECTIONbH 1H 2P
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630 APPENDIX E. PROJECTIONa(a){y |
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632 APPENDIX E. PROJECTION(a feasib
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634 APPENDIX E. PROJECTIONwhile, th
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636 APPENDIX E. PROJECTIONE.10.2.1.
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638 APPENDIX E. PROJECTION10 0dist(
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640 APPENDIX E. PROJECTIONE.10.3.1D
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642 APPENDIX E. PROJECTIONE 3K ⊥
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644 APPENDIX E. PROJECTION
Page 646 and 647:
646 APPENDIX F. MATLAB PROGRAMSif n
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648 APPENDIX F. MATLAB PROGRAMSend%
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650 APPENDIX F. MATLAB PROGRAMSF.1.
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652 APPENDIX F. MATLAB PROGRAMScoun
Page 654 and 655:
654 APPENDIX F. MATLAB PROGRAMSF.3
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658 APPENDIX F. MATLAB PROGRAMS% so
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660 APPENDIX F. MATLAB PROGRAMS% tr
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664 APPENDIX F. MATLAB PROGRAMSbrea
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666 APPENDIX F. MATLAB PROGRAMSwhil
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668 APPENDIX F. MATLAB PROGRAMSF.7
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670 APPENDIX F. MATLAB PROGRAMS
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672 APPENDIX G. NOTATION AND A FEW
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688 BIBLIOGRAPHY[7] Abdo Y. Alfakih
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690 BIBLIOGRAPHY[27] Aharon Ben-Tal
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692 BIBLIOGRAPHY[48] Lev M. Brègma
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694 BIBLIOGRAPHY[67] Joel Dawson, S
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696 BIBLIOGRAPHY[85] Alan Edelman,
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698 BIBLIOGRAPHY[102] Philip E. Gil
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700 BIBLIOGRAPHYWeiss, editors, Pol
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702 BIBLIOGRAPHY[146] Jean-Baptiste
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704 BIBLIOGRAPHY[168] Jean B. Lasse
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706 BIBLIOGRAPHY[189] Rudolf Mathar
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708 BIBLIOGRAPHY[211] M. L. Overton
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710 BIBLIOGRAPHY[229] C. K. Rushfor
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712 BIBLIOGRAPHY[252] Jos F. Sturm
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714 BIBLIOGRAPHY[274] È. B. Vinber
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[294] Yinyu Ye. Semidefinite progra
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718 INDEXobtuse, 62positive semidef
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720 INDEXelliptope, 642orthant, 177
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722 INDEXdistancegeometry, 20, 317m
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724 INDEX-dimensional, 37, 89rank,
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726 INDEXGram form, 331is, 674isedm
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728 INDEXdiscretized, 152, 431in su
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730 INDEXboundary, 115dimension, 10
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732 INDEXlinear operator, 587, 591,
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734 INDEXlargest entries, 188monoto
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736 INDEXsimilarity, 606translation
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