10.07.2015
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450Modulation 26, 32, 79-80, 95, 141, 282, 287, 289, 313-14, 318, 321-23, 345-6Monophony 41, 53, 112, 137, 148, 155, 158, 163, 183, 204-210, 223, 225-6, 228, 235,245, 249, 253, 258-9, 263, 266, 271, 273, 289-90, 293, 313, 351, 371, 376, 382-3,392Mohapeloa, Joshua 41Morita, Minoru 19, 248Morse coding system 318Mongolia 149-50, 235-8, 244, 248-9, 260, 394Montenegro 109-10, 188, 215, 345Mordvinians 49, 62-63, 389Moslem 45-46, 58-60, 62, 65, 82, 92, 110, 152, 180, 188, 240, 254Moyle, Richard 173Moxo 171Mozambique 39-40Mozart 133, 277, 284-85Mozheiko, Zinaida 19, 72, 389Mubangazi, Benedicto 37mugam 23Mulao 150Muller, Talita 20Multi-part 11, 24, 133, 154-60Multiphonies 20Multiregional Evolution Theory 16Musical instruments and vocal polyphony (see blown instruments)Muszkalska 184, 211, 394Muotatal 134Myzeqe 114, 116, 394na bas (singing style) 110-12, 223, 225Na, Jessica 20Nadel, Siegfried 182, 207, 312Naduri 83-84, 87, 104, 246, 308nahma 145naksh 151Nam, Nguen Nam 19, 163, 251, 390Namibia 39Nart 60, 180Native Americans 167, 255, 258, 260, 270-72, 361-64, 368, 370, 372, 384; NorthwestCoast 167; East Coast 168; Southwestern 168; Plain 168; Great Basin 169;Athabascan169;Naxi 159Neanderthal 351; classic 354;progressive 354; and speech 354; and singing 311, 320Nedelino 107Nepal 164, 166, 319Nettl, Bruno 19, 167-69, 182, 206, 258-9, 312, 372Newman, Ernst 312Newman-Bertand, Lynn 14, 20
451Niger 45Nikoladze, Ketevan 18, 262, 264, 389, 394Nilotes 36Nim 335Nketia, Kwabena 31, 33, 42, 183, 386nomads 45Nootka 167-68, 363, 372North Africa 158, 220, 252-255, 266North Caucasia 55, 57-62, 180, 251-52, 387, 389-91; (see also separate articles on NorthCaucasian peoples)‘Northern Voice’ 20Norway 128, 130, 258Nuristan 20, 143, 151-54, 16, 184, 233, 240-47, 249, 253, 290O’Brien, Sue 365,Oceania 49, 172-3, 175-6, 209, 223, 274 (see also Polynesia, Melanesia, Micronesia)Oglala Sioux 169Olsen, Dale 170-71, 254, 268-69Onslow, Mark 19, 365organ (as vocal polyphony) 96organum 24, 26, 33, 36, 96, 126, 146-7, 154, 183Orinoco River 170Orovela 219-220Orkney Islands 130Ossetians 49, 55, 58-60, 180, 188, 193Ostinato 46, 55, 57, 60, 77, 80, 83-84, 87, 93, 146, 152-3, 194, 241, 262, 268, 2456, 390Osuokai 154, 389overlapping polyphony 25, 29overtone singing 12, 36, 40, 66, 143,149-50, 166, 177, 181, 184, 198, 235-39, 244, 247,290paghjella 135-137Paiwan 161-62, 394Palessie 72-74, 221Panbanisha 301, 336, 343-44Pannonia 112‘Papperback Writer’ 284, 288parallelism 24, 26, 46, 74, 182, 269, 295-6; tonally linked 24-5, 33;; tonallyunconnected 24-5, 155Papago 168Part-singing 19, 31, 37, 114, 128-30, 132, 135, 140, 146, 165, 167, 172-3, 187, 209, 350,387, 393Pashina, Olga 52, 64, 391Patamona 171Pavlenko, Nikolai 203Pavlishin, Marco 19
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ContentsForeword and acknowledgemen
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South Asia: India (Assam; Southern
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more enjoying the traditional ‘Ho
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12the rest of the country does not
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141989:Let me briefly introduce som
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‣ During the last 20 years of my
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18Saharan African populations, than
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and of course, Sheree Reece from th
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22Part 1.World stylesof traditional
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used term, although not universally
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30 January, 1986). Hugh Shields gav
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western Georgian polyphonic “trio
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30contains more than one compositio
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32rhythmic component in African mus
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Gerhard Kubik, if you want to count
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36missionaries was very much aided
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as witness recordings by barely a d
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40England provides an incredibly in
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of West Africa is a well-known and
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44African populations played a cruc
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46unusual element of Tuareg culture
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48heterophony). European profession
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50famously declared that to verify
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Out of these five main types of Rus
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54heterophonic and octave forms of
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56Ex. 3. Abkhazia. (Akhobadze, Kort
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58Balkarians and KarachaevisThese t
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60Ossetian polyphony is based on th
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62Garakanidze, who conducted a shor
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64in the southern part of the settl
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66Almeeva noted the presence of the
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68UkraineRegarding polyphonic singi
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70200), the difference between dron
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72BelarusBelarus is a part of the
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74Besides the drone and heterophoni
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76of the feast traditions and long
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78East GeorgiaEast Georgia consists
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80Fig. 3. Modulation from G to G# t
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82Polyphonic singing traditions in
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84In this four-part section we can
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86Improvisation in western Georgian
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88During our 1999 fieldwork in Geor
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90Interestingly, as Anzor Erkomaish
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92Different western Georgian dialec
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95Ex. 37. Lile. Ritual song dedicat
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97David Shugliashvili, both eastern
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99Urban MusicThe urban singing styl
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101Ex. 42. Suliko. Urban love song.
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103In Georgian traditional polyphon
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105BalkansThe Balkans are one of th
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107the tradition of polyphonic sing
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109It represents an interesting mix
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111Ex. 54. Bosnia and Herzegovina,
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113MacedoniaSpeaking about Macedoni
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115Ex. 59. Albania. Laberi style po
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117of fact, together with Romania,
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119countries of the Baltic region a
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121research about sutartines (Slavi
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123LatviaAnother Baltic country, La
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125Ex. 68. Estonia. Setu polyphony
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127Tbilisi State Conservatory in th
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129contracted this peculiarity of s
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131throughout medieval northern Eur
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133electronic media; and whether th
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135To complete the review of the Ce
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137(9) The singing style is harsh a
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139ItalyWith its internationally re
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141than 120 Sicilianvillages and it
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143Vocal Polyphony in AsiaAsia is b
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145music of Ancient Greece itself i
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147possible space of a second.” T
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149sources from the 5 th (Favstos B
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151polyphonic singing came from Taj
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153(asamchilog, choir). 6/8 metre i
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155or less in unison, and one voice
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157Lithuanian sutartines, where you
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159idea of how rich (and how unknow
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161Ex. 90. China, Tibet (Bucher, 19
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163South-East AsiaVietnamAccording
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165Not all the traditions and music
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Vocal Polyphony in North AmericaThe
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169west of the region (Densmore, 19
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171the Indian melodies continue wit
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173(Burney 1975:84. Cited from Kaep
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175Easter Island] and the westernmo
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177of Northwest American Indians an
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179Of course, to say that the pre-W
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181faraway cultures without contact
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183• Anne Draffkorn Kilmer sugges
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185some extinct civilizations (anci
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187hear assertions that a certain s
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189population of North Greece, moun
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191and possibly about the cultural
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193rules of Polynesian traditional
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1953. Social organization of the si
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197(2) Another inconvenience is tha
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199According to the common belief o
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201level. Darwin made a correct con
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203during the 20 th century sutarti
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205Even in cases of century- and mi
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207With the convincing and well-doc
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209Conclusions for the previous two
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211Indo-European family of language
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213all musicians are Bachs, but all
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215Switzerland, Germany, Austria, I
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217evidence for them. If a proto-Ca
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219West and Central Asia. Solo perf
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221monophonic singing styles. So, w
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223(1) Drone dissonant-based polyph
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225the ancient drone polyphony with
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227major forests, islands, continen
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229the influence of the “oriental
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231• Florian Messner (1980) point
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233(“collective”) sutartines wi
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235Case Study #7Overtone Singing of
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237together wit Valentina Suzukei (
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239(8) As harmonics are a universal
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241(as “collective sutartines”)
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243perspective, can provide more us
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245For a further discussion of this
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247with two other parts, sung by so
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249that there is hardly a single do
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251hairiness, Cavalli-Sforza sites
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253Two possible historical models m
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255where the former pearl diving bo
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257new territories (subject to the
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259minimum? And did the development
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261settlement history, and the most
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263instruments from Mediterranean r
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265music transcription. There are 5
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267• Even the transcription of Ku
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269“Music iconography can reveal
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271specific double flute made from
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273Case Study #14Polynesian Polypho
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275complexity plus precise enunciat
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277Case Study #15The Beatles: Ancie
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279Acknowledging the crucial differ
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281• Performance style. Arguably
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283C-major key, G major chord could
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285Ending of the songs on non-tonic
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287Fig. 16. Medieval West Georgian
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289phenomenon in the history of the
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291North America (according to the
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293Part 3Singing, Questioning, Thin
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295European and Middle Eastern mono
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297This characteristic raises one s
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299is not only a linguistic problem
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301with all their communicative ski
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303cooperative (and not competitive
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305group and groom each other, they
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307hungry lion. And here comes anot
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309“attacking power” of the “
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311Singing in Peaceful Times:Toward
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313he changed his view and linked t
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315Gestural Theory of Language Orig
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317among hominids. The situation of
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319whistle with a whistle. The inte
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321referential function. In contemp
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323mental abilities, but even music
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325articulated elements, where the
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327development experts would unanim
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329years after 1996, if I see a new
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331• Why do we ask questions?This
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333With the emergence of the abilit
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335apes’ and humans’ mental abi
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337The fascinating fact about the T
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339curiosity cannot exist, although
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341• Question intonation is argua
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343A few cases of “wolf children
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345(2) Children under two and pidgi
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347Let’s Talk: Origin of SpeechTh
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349article concluded with the sugge
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351are disposed to accept such a vi
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353articulated speech among the anc
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355speech (possibly in conjunction
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357function, while in the sub-Sahar
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359acquired, it is one of the most
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361millennia. So the historical dyn
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363of stuttering was mostly margina
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365when I reminded her of our conve
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367• A comparison of the stutteri
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369predisposition towards stutterin
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371There are some well-researched p
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373Developmental dyslexiaStuttering
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375mastery or correct usage of soun
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377• As the process of the declin
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379major African ground predators (
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381PostScript:Moral and ethics issu
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383(Jordania, 1989:240), believing
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385without turning these difference
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387Central African Republic, Bangul
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389polyphon y.” 4. Nailia Almeeva
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391aural tradition: Results and the
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3931. Tamar Chkheidze. “Peculiari
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395Krimanchuli (Yodel) in West Geor
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397ReferencesABDUSHELISHVILI, MALKH
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399ASAFIEV, BORIS. 1971. Musical fo
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401BLACKING, JOHN. 1973. How musica
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403BUCHER, KARL. 1923 (1919). Arbei
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405COOKE, PETER. 1998. East Africa:
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407ELSCHEKOVA, ALICA. 1963. “Der
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409GANDOUR, JACK, SORANEE H. PETTY,
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411HALPERN, IDA. 1975. “Music of
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413JELINEK, JAN. 1978. Homo erectus
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415methodologies? Erich Stockmann z
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417---- 1975. Music of Ainu. In Pro
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419KUTER, LOIS. Brittany. In The Ga
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421MACCHIARELLA, IGNAZIO. 2005. The
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423Symposiu m on Traditional Polyph
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425PERETZ, ISABELLE. 2003. Brain sp
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427---- 2003. The geographical dist
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429SALEH, MAGDA. 2002. Dance in Egy
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431SNOWDON, CHARLES T. 1982. “Lin
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433THORNE, ALAN G., and MILFORD H.
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435WEIDENREICH, FRANZ. 1943. The "N
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437Materials of the Voronezh confer
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439Aotearoa (New Zealand) 174Apan,
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441Brambats, Karl 183, 231Brandel,
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443Dancing 10, 31-32, 36, 38, 40-43
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445Gamkrelidze, Thomas 18, 216, 253
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447Iso 114, 116 (see also drone)Ist
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449McFarlane, Iain 19McNeill, Willi
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453Qollas 171questions, asking ques
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Sotho 40Sorce-Keller, Marcello 139-
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457Tsurtsumia, Rusudan 18, 392-4, 3
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Zhoukoudian 353Zhvania, Tina 18, 39
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