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446Hawaii 174Hauserman, Thomas 19, 393-4Hebrides 130Hellmer, Jose Raul 269Heterophony 24, 26,28-9, 48, 50-1, 69, 74, 105, 108, 113, 140, 155, 160, 153, 172, 176,243, 387, 391, 393; variant heterophony 28, 50, 64-65, 67, 142, 194, 225-29;unison heterophony 24Heuerdahl, Thor 19, 192, 273, 275-76Hewes, Gordon 315, 317, 350-51, 383-4Hibberd, Lloyd 96, 128-130Hickmann, Hans 182, 265-66himene tarava 174Hindustani 165hocket 37, 42, 288, 334Hoffman, Stephen 19, 134, 366Hominids 14, 302, 311, 316-17, 326, 332; musical abilities 314, 318, 322; whistling319; singing 302-3, 311, 314; group singing as a defense strategy 304, 306, 379;attacking lions 308, 321; asking questions 332; and speech 347; and language347Homo erectus 313, 346; as Homo sapiens 346-7, 349, 351, 376; and speech 313Homo habilis 346-347Homo sapiens 15-16, 293, 313, 318, 346-7, 349, 351; archaic 318, 376, 380; andpolyphony 298; and articulated speech 298; and language 351-354Homophony 24, 29, 33, 147Hoomii 235-356Hornbostel, Erich Moritz von 126, 167, 175, 181Hungary 9, 143, 255, 327Iakubov, Manashir 19, 62, 387Iashvili, Mzia 18, 96, 388-90Ibn Sina (Avicenna) 144Iceland 102,118, 126-28, 130-31, 146, 182, 201, 210-12, 230, 388ICTM (International Council for Traditional Music) 178, 395Igbo 42Ikhtisamov, Khamza 150, 236, 391Imazig hen (see also Tuaregs) 45Imereti 77, 84, 92, 103,225India 12, 23,143,158164-66,211,258, 301, 306, 352, 369,Indo-Europeans 58, 188, 193, 198, 210-17, 219-24, 232, 238, 245, 290;Musical legacy of 60 184, 217-23; mixture with the ancient European musicaltraditions 217, 223-24; as members of Middle Eastern musical family 188, 228;Indo-European languages 5, 59, 74, 135, 138, 180, 188 210-11, 242, 254, 326instrumental polyphony (see blown instruments)Iron Curtain 13. 48, 186, 280Islam: in Africa 36, 43, 44;and music 42, 44, 145, 378; pre-Islamic culture 46; inNuristan 244;
447Iso 114, 116 (see also drone)Istria 112Italy 201, 215, 390, 395-96; northern 134, 223; singing style 137, 138-142, 147;Southern 197Ivanov, Viacheslav Vsevolodovich 19, 216, 253, 313,Ives, Charles 120, 233, 143, 278Japan 11, 19, 27, 66, 155-58, 176, 247, 250, 255-6, 274, 371, 373, 393, 395Javae 171,Jazz 10, 41, 281, 285, 289, 314,Jesperson, Otto 301, 312Jews 67, 146-7, 166, 203, 331, 396Jingpo 159Jizeng, Mao 159-160Johnson, Wendell 359, 362-3, 368-69Jones A. 33, 36Jordania Mindia 21, 75, 97, 387Jordania Nugzar 21, 97, 388-89Juuz, Juuzli 134(see also yodeling)Kabardinians 55, 57Kaeppler, Adrienne 173-75, 202, 273Kai 149-50, 235Kakheti (K’akheti) 77-78, 82, 217-19, 388Kalandadze, Nino 18, 389, 392-94Kancheli, Gia 18Kane, Frank 18, 394Kanzi 301, 316, 336, 343-44Karbelashvili famili singers 96Khakassia 150, 235Kharlap, Miron 313, 350, 382-3Khevsureti 78, 82, 198-200, 202Khoikhoi 39Khoisan languages 39, 46Khrushchev, Nikita 19,Kiknadze, Zurab 18, 199King, Barbara 315-317, 346King, Roger 20King, Tunde 43Kolessa, Filaret 68Komi 19, 49, 62-65, 389, 391Komitas 149Kortlandt, A. 305, 308Krelle 42Kvizhinadze, Marina 97, 393, 395Kuba, Ludvig 110, 181
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ContentsForeword and acknowledgemen
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South Asia: India (Assam; Southern
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more enjoying the traditional ‘Ho
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12the rest of the country does not
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141989:Let me briefly introduce som
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‣ During the last 20 years of my
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18Saharan African populations, than
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and of course, Sheree Reece from th
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22Part 1.World stylesof traditional
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used term, although not universally
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30 January, 1986). Hugh Shields gav
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western Georgian polyphonic “trio
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30contains more than one compositio
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32rhythmic component in African mus
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Gerhard Kubik, if you want to count
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36missionaries was very much aided
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as witness recordings by barely a d
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40England provides an incredibly in
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of West Africa is a well-known and
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44African populations played a cruc
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46unusual element of Tuareg culture
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48heterophony). European profession
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50famously declared that to verify
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Out of these five main types of Rus
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54heterophonic and octave forms of
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56Ex. 3. Abkhazia. (Akhobadze, Kort
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58Balkarians and KarachaevisThese t
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60Ossetian polyphony is based on th
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62Garakanidze, who conducted a shor
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64in the southern part of the settl
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66Almeeva noted the presence of the
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68UkraineRegarding polyphonic singi
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70200), the difference between dron
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72BelarusBelarus is a part of the
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74Besides the drone and heterophoni
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76of the feast traditions and long
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78East GeorgiaEast Georgia consists
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80Fig. 3. Modulation from G to G# t
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82Polyphonic singing traditions in
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84In this four-part section we can
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86Improvisation in western Georgian
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88During our 1999 fieldwork in Geor
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90Interestingly, as Anzor Erkomaish
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92Different western Georgian dialec
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95Ex. 37. Lile. Ritual song dedicat
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97David Shugliashvili, both eastern
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99Urban MusicThe urban singing styl
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101Ex. 42. Suliko. Urban love song.
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103In Georgian traditional polyphon
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105BalkansThe Balkans are one of th
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107the tradition of polyphonic sing
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109It represents an interesting mix
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111Ex. 54. Bosnia and Herzegovina,
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113MacedoniaSpeaking about Macedoni
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115Ex. 59. Albania. Laberi style po
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117of fact, together with Romania,
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119countries of the Baltic region a
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121research about sutartines (Slavi
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123LatviaAnother Baltic country, La
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125Ex. 68. Estonia. Setu polyphony
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127Tbilisi State Conservatory in th
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129contracted this peculiarity of s
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131throughout medieval northern Eur
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133electronic media; and whether th
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135To complete the review of the Ce
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137(9) The singing style is harsh a
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139ItalyWith its internationally re
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141than 120 Sicilianvillages and it
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143Vocal Polyphony in AsiaAsia is b
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145music of Ancient Greece itself i
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147possible space of a second.” T
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149sources from the 5 th (Favstos B
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151polyphonic singing came from Taj
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153(asamchilog, choir). 6/8 metre i
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155or less in unison, and one voice
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157Lithuanian sutartines, where you
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159idea of how rich (and how unknow
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161Ex. 90. China, Tibet (Bucher, 19
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163South-East AsiaVietnamAccording
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165Not all the traditions and music
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Vocal Polyphony in North AmericaThe
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169west of the region (Densmore, 19
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171the Indian melodies continue wit
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173(Burney 1975:84. Cited from Kaep
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175Easter Island] and the westernmo
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177of Northwest American Indians an
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179Of course, to say that the pre-W
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181faraway cultures without contact
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183• Anne Draffkorn Kilmer sugges
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185some extinct civilizations (anci
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187hear assertions that a certain s
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189population of North Greece, moun
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191and possibly about the cultural
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193rules of Polynesian traditional
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1953. Social organization of the si
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197(2) Another inconvenience is tha
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199According to the common belief o
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201level. Darwin made a correct con
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203during the 20 th century sutarti
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205Even in cases of century- and mi
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207With the convincing and well-doc
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209Conclusions for the previous two
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211Indo-European family of language
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213all musicians are Bachs, but all
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215Switzerland, Germany, Austria, I
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217evidence for them. If a proto-Ca
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219West and Central Asia. Solo perf
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221monophonic singing styles. So, w
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223(1) Drone dissonant-based polyph
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225the ancient drone polyphony with
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227major forests, islands, continen
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229the influence of the “oriental
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231• Florian Messner (1980) point
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233(“collective”) sutartines wi
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235Case Study #7Overtone Singing of
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237together wit Valentina Suzukei (
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239(8) As harmonics are a universal
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241(as “collective sutartines”)
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243perspective, can provide more us
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245For a further discussion of this
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247with two other parts, sung by so
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249that there is hardly a single do
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251hairiness, Cavalli-Sforza sites
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253Two possible historical models m
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255where the former pearl diving bo
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257new territories (subject to the
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259minimum? And did the development
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261settlement history, and the most
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263instruments from Mediterranean r
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265music transcription. There are 5
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267• Even the transcription of Ku
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269“Music iconography can reveal
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271specific double flute made from
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273Case Study #14Polynesian Polypho
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275complexity plus precise enunciat
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277Case Study #15The Beatles: Ancie
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279Acknowledging the crucial differ
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281• Performance style. Arguably
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283C-major key, G major chord could
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285Ending of the songs on non-tonic
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287Fig. 16. Medieval West Georgian
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289phenomenon in the history of the
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291North America (according to the
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293Part 3Singing, Questioning, Thin
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295European and Middle Eastern mono
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297This characteristic raises one s
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299is not only a linguistic problem
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301with all their communicative ski
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303cooperative (and not competitive
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305group and groom each other, they
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307hungry lion. And here comes anot
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309“attacking power” of the “
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311Singing in Peaceful Times:Toward
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313he changed his view and linked t
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315Gestural Theory of Language Orig
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317among hominids. The situation of
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319whistle with a whistle. The inte
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321referential function. In contemp
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323mental abilities, but even music
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325articulated elements, where the
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327development experts would unanim
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329years after 1996, if I see a new
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331• Why do we ask questions?This
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333With the emergence of the abilit
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335apes’ and humans’ mental abi
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337The fascinating fact about the T
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339curiosity cannot exist, although
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341• Question intonation is argua
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343A few cases of “wolf children
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345(2) Children under two and pidgi
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347Let’s Talk: Origin of SpeechTh
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349article concluded with the sugge
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351are disposed to accept such a vi
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353articulated speech among the anc
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355speech (possibly in conjunction
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357function, while in the sub-Sahar
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359acquired, it is one of the most
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361millennia. So the historical dyn
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363of stuttering was mostly margina
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365when I reminded her of our conve
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367• A comparison of the stutteri
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369predisposition towards stutterin
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371There are some well-researched p
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373Developmental dyslexiaStuttering
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375mastery or correct usage of soun
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377• As the process of the declin
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379major African ground predators (
Page 381 and 382:
381PostScript:Moral and ethics issu
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383(Jordania, 1989:240), believing
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385without turning these difference
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387Central African Republic, Bangul
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389polyphon y.” 4. Nailia Almeeva
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391aural tradition: Results and the
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3931. Tamar Chkheidze. “Peculiari
Page 395 and 396: 395Krimanchuli (Yodel) in West Geor
Page 397 and 398: 397ReferencesABDUSHELISHVILI, MALKH
Page 399 and 400: 399ASAFIEV, BORIS. 1971. Musical fo
Page 401 and 402: 401BLACKING, JOHN. 1973. How musica
Page 403 and 404: 403BUCHER, KARL. 1923 (1919). Arbei
Page 405 and 406: 405COOKE, PETER. 1998. East Africa:
Page 407 and 408: 407ELSCHEKOVA, ALICA. 1963. “Der
Page 409 and 410: 409GANDOUR, JACK, SORANEE H. PETTY,
Page 411 and 412: 411HALPERN, IDA. 1975. “Music of
Page 413 and 414: 413JELINEK, JAN. 1978. Homo erectus
Page 415 and 416: 415methodologies? Erich Stockmann z
Page 417 and 418: 417---- 1975. Music of Ainu. In Pro
Page 419 and 420: 419KUTER, LOIS. Brittany. In The Ga
Page 421 and 422: 421MACCHIARELLA, IGNAZIO. 2005. The
Page 423 and 424: 423Symposiu m on Traditional Polyph
Page 425 and 426: 425PERETZ, ISABELLE. 2003. Brain sp
Page 427 and 428: 427---- 2003. The geographical dist
Page 429 and 430: 429SALEH, MAGDA. 2002. Dance in Egy
Page 431 and 432: 431SNOWDON, CHARLES T. 1982. “Lin
Page 433 and 434: 433THORNE, ALAN G., and MILFORD H.
Page 435 and 436: 435WEIDENREICH, FRANZ. 1943. The "N
Page 437 and 438: 437Materials of the Voronezh confer
Page 439 and 440: 439Aotearoa (New Zealand) 174Apan,
Page 441 and 442: 441Brambats, Karl 183, 231Brandel,
Page 443 and 444: 443Dancing 10, 31-32, 36, 38, 40-43
Page 445: 445Gamkrelidze, Thomas 18, 216, 253
Page 449 and 450: 449McFarlane, Iain 19McNeill, Willi
Page 451 and 452: 451Niger 45Nikoladze, Ketevan 18, 2
Page 453 and 454: 453Qollas 171questions, asking ques
Page 455 and 456: Sotho 40Sorce-Keller, Marcello 139-
Page 457 and 458: 457Tsurtsumia, Rusudan 18, 392-4, 3
Page 459 and 460: Zhoukoudian 353Zhvania, Tina 18, 39
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