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420LIEBERMAN, PHILIP. 1984. The biology and evolution of language.Cambridge: Harvard University Press.---- 1991. Uniquely Human. The evolution of speech, thought, and selflessbehavior. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.---- 1992. On Neanderthal speech and Neanderthal extinction. CurrentAnthropology 33:409-10.LIEBERMAN, PHILIP, and EDMUND S. CRELIN. 1971. On the speech ofNeanderthal man. Linguistic Inquiry 2:203-22.LINEVA, EVGENIYA (Ed). 1905-1912. The peasant songs of Great Russia asthey are in the folk’s harmonization. St Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Science.London: D. Nutt. (In Russian)---- 1991 [1905]. Phonograph recordings of Ukrainian folk songs. Edited,introduction and comments by Elena Murzina. Kiev: Muzychna Ukraina. (In Ukrainian)LING, JAN. 1981. Swedish folk music. Moscow: Sovetskii Kompozitor. (InRussian)LING, JAN, ERIK KJELLBERG, OWE RONSTROM. 2000. Sweden. In TheGarland Encyclopedia of World Music. Vol. 8, Europe. Edited by Timothy Rice, JamesPorter and Chris Goertzen, pp. 434-450. New York: Garland Publishing.LIVINGSTONE, FRANK B. 1973. Did the australopithecines sing? CurrentAnthropology 14:25-29.---- 1983. Evolutionary theory and the evolution of language. In Glosso-Genetics: The origin and evolution of language. Edited by Eric de Grolier. Chur,Switzerland: Harwood Academic Publishers.LLOYD, ALBERT L. [A.L.L.] 1961. Review: Ramadan Sokoli: Polifonia jonepopullore (Polyphonie populaire albanaise); Nikolai Kaufman: Triglasnite narodni pesniot Kostursko;Tiberiu Alexandru: armonie si polifonie in cintecul popular rominesc.Journal of the International Folk Music Council 13:143-146.---- 1967. Folk song in England. London: Lawrence & Wishart.LOMAX, ALAN. 1968. Folk song style and culture. Washington D.C., AmericanAssociation for the advancement of Science.---- 1971. “Song structures and Social Structures”, in Reading inethnomusicology, 1971, Ed. David P. McAlester. Pg 227 – 252.---- 1976. Cantometrics: An approach to the anthropology of music.Berkeley: University of California Extension Media Centre.LORENZ, KONRAD. 1971. Studies in animal and human behavior. 2 vol.Harvard University Press.LORTAT-JACOB, BERNARD. 2000. Sardinia. In The Garland Encyclopedia ofWorld Music. Vol. 8, Europe. Edited by Timothy Rice, James Porter and Chris Goertzen,pp. 626-633. New York: Garland Publishing.LOVE, J. W., DIETER CHRISTENSEN, UDO WILL, JACQUELINE PUGH-KITINGAN, C. K. SZEGO, STEVEN KNOPOFF, VIDA CHENOWETH, JURGWASSMANN, JUNKO KONISHI, AMY KU’ULEIALOHA STILLMAN. 1998. In TheGarland Encyclopedia of World Music, Vol. 9, Australia and Pacific Islands. Edited byAdrienne L. Kaeppler and J. W. Love, pp. 282-310. New York: Garland Publishing.
421MACCHIARELLA, IGNAZIO. 2005. The variety of multipart singing structuresin Sicily. Paper delivered at the International Conference “European Voices: Multipartsinging on the Balkans and in the Mediterranean, Vienna, March 11-13, 2005.MACINTOSH, NEIL W. G., and STANLEY L. LARNACH. 1976. "Aboriginalaffinities looked at in world context", in The origin of the Australians. Edited by R. L.Kirk and A.G. Thorne, pp. 113-26. New Jersey: Humanities Press Inc.MCLEOD, ARTHUR M. “Malagasy Republic.” In The new Grove Dictionary ofmusic and Musicians. Edited by Stanley Sadie. London: Macmillan.MCNEILL, DAVID. 1980. "Sentence structure in chimpanzee communication",in Speaking of apes: A critical anthology of two-way communication with man. Edited byThomas A. Sebeok and Jean Umiker-Sebeok, pp. 150-156. New York: Plenium Press.MCNEILL, WILLIAM H. 1995. Keeping together in time: Dance and drill inHuman History. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.MAGRADZE, VALERIAN. 1986. Meskhetian folk songs. Tbilisi: Khelovneba.(In Georgian)MAGRINI, TULLIA (editor). 2003. Music and gender: Perspectives from theMediterranean. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.MAKITA, KIYOSHI. 1968. The rarity of reading disability in Japanese children.American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 38:599-614.MANNICHE, LISE. 1991. Music and musicians in Ancient Egypt. London.MANUKIAN, MANUK. 2002. Armenia. In The Garland Encyclopedia of WorldMusic. Vol. 6. The Middle East. Edited by Virginia Danielson, Scott Marcus, and DwightReynolds, pp. 723-738. New York: Routledge.MAPOMA, MWESA I. 1974. “Ingomba: The royal musicians of the BembePeople of the Luapula and Northern Provinces of Zambia.” PhD dissertation, UCLA.MARATSOS, MICHAEL P. 1989. “Innateness and plasticity in languageacquisition”, in The teachability of language. Edited by Mabel L. Rice, Richard L.Sciefelbusch, and Robert K. Hoyt Jr., pp. 105-125. Baltimore: P. H. Brookes Pub. Co.MARCU, GEORGE. 1977. Folklor Musical Aroman. Bucuresti: Edituramuzicala.MARLER, PETER. 1970. Birdsong and speech development: Could there beparallels? American Scientist 58:669-73.----1976. “Social organization, communication, and graded signals: Thechimpanzee and the gorilla”, in Growing points in ethology. Edited by P. P. G. Betson,and R. A. Hinde, pp. 239-280. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.----2000. “Origins of speech and music: insights from animals”, in TheOrigins of Music. Edited by N. L. Wallin, B. Merker and S. Brown, pp. 49-64.Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.MARTI, SAMUEL. 1968 [1955]. Instrumentos Musicales precortesianos.Mexico , D.F.:Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia.----1970. Alt-Amerika. Musik der Indianer in prakolumbischer zeit.Musikgeschischte in Bildern. Leipzig: VEB Deutscher Verlag fur Musik.MARTIN, GEORGE. 1979. All you need is ears. London: Macmillan.MATVIENKO, VLADIMIR. 1967. “On some peculiarities of UkrainianTraditional Polyphony”In the collection of articles “Ukrainian Musicology”, #2, pp 152-166. Kiev: Muzychna Ukraina. (In Ukrainian)
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ContentsForeword and acknowledgemen
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South Asia: India (Assam; Southern
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more enjoying the traditional ‘Ho
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12the rest of the country does not
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141989:Let me briefly introduce som
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‣ During the last 20 years of my
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18Saharan African populations, than
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and of course, Sheree Reece from th
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22Part 1.World stylesof traditional
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used term, although not universally
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30 January, 1986). Hugh Shields gav
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western Georgian polyphonic “trio
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30contains more than one compositio
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32rhythmic component in African mus
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Gerhard Kubik, if you want to count
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36missionaries was very much aided
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as witness recordings by barely a d
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40England provides an incredibly in
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of West Africa is a well-known and
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44African populations played a cruc
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46unusual element of Tuareg culture
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48heterophony). European profession
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50famously declared that to verify
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Out of these five main types of Rus
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54heterophonic and octave forms of
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56Ex. 3. Abkhazia. (Akhobadze, Kort
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58Balkarians and KarachaevisThese t
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60Ossetian polyphony is based on th
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62Garakanidze, who conducted a shor
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64in the southern part of the settl
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66Almeeva noted the presence of the
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68UkraineRegarding polyphonic singi
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70200), the difference between dron
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72BelarusBelarus is a part of the
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74Besides the drone and heterophoni
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76of the feast traditions and long
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78East GeorgiaEast Georgia consists
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80Fig. 3. Modulation from G to G# t
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82Polyphonic singing traditions in
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84In this four-part section we can
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86Improvisation in western Georgian
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88During our 1999 fieldwork in Geor
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90Interestingly, as Anzor Erkomaish
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92Different western Georgian dialec
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95Ex. 37. Lile. Ritual song dedicat
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97David Shugliashvili, both eastern
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99Urban MusicThe urban singing styl
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101Ex. 42. Suliko. Urban love song.
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103In Georgian traditional polyphon
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105BalkansThe Balkans are one of th
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107the tradition of polyphonic sing
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109It represents an interesting mix
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111Ex. 54. Bosnia and Herzegovina,
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113MacedoniaSpeaking about Macedoni
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115Ex. 59. Albania. Laberi style po
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117of fact, together with Romania,
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119countries of the Baltic region a
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121research about sutartines (Slavi
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123LatviaAnother Baltic country, La
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125Ex. 68. Estonia. Setu polyphony
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127Tbilisi State Conservatory in th
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129contracted this peculiarity of s
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131throughout medieval northern Eur
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133electronic media; and whether th
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135To complete the review of the Ce
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137(9) The singing style is harsh a
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139ItalyWith its internationally re
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141than 120 Sicilianvillages and it
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143Vocal Polyphony in AsiaAsia is b
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145music of Ancient Greece itself i
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147possible space of a second.” T
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149sources from the 5 th (Favstos B
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151polyphonic singing came from Taj
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153(asamchilog, choir). 6/8 metre i
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155or less in unison, and one voice
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157Lithuanian sutartines, where you
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159idea of how rich (and how unknow
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161Ex. 90. China, Tibet (Bucher, 19
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163South-East AsiaVietnamAccording
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165Not all the traditions and music
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Vocal Polyphony in North AmericaThe
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169west of the region (Densmore, 19
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171the Indian melodies continue wit
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173(Burney 1975:84. Cited from Kaep
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175Easter Island] and the westernmo
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177of Northwest American Indians an
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179Of course, to say that the pre-W
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181faraway cultures without contact
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183• Anne Draffkorn Kilmer sugges
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185some extinct civilizations (anci
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187hear assertions that a certain s
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189population of North Greece, moun
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191and possibly about the cultural
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193rules of Polynesian traditional
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1953. Social organization of the si
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197(2) Another inconvenience is tha
Page 199 and 200:
199According to the common belief o
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201level. Darwin made a correct con
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203during the 20 th century sutarti
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205Even in cases of century- and mi
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207With the convincing and well-doc
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209Conclusions for the previous two
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211Indo-European family of language
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213all musicians are Bachs, but all
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215Switzerland, Germany, Austria, I
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217evidence for them. If a proto-Ca
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219West and Central Asia. Solo perf
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221monophonic singing styles. So, w
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223(1) Drone dissonant-based polyph
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225the ancient drone polyphony with
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227major forests, islands, continen
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229the influence of the “oriental
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231• Florian Messner (1980) point
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233(“collective”) sutartines wi
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235Case Study #7Overtone Singing of
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237together wit Valentina Suzukei (
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239(8) As harmonics are a universal
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241(as “collective sutartines”)
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243perspective, can provide more us
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245For a further discussion of this
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247with two other parts, sung by so
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249that there is hardly a single do
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251hairiness, Cavalli-Sforza sites
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253Two possible historical models m
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255where the former pearl diving bo
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257new territories (subject to the
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259minimum? And did the development
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261settlement history, and the most
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263instruments from Mediterranean r
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265music transcription. There are 5
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267• Even the transcription of Ku
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269“Music iconography can reveal
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271specific double flute made from
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273Case Study #14Polynesian Polypho
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275complexity plus precise enunciat
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277Case Study #15The Beatles: Ancie
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279Acknowledging the crucial differ
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281• Performance style. Arguably
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283C-major key, G major chord could
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285Ending of the songs on non-tonic
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287Fig. 16. Medieval West Georgian
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289phenomenon in the history of the
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291North America (according to the
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293Part 3Singing, Questioning, Thin
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295European and Middle Eastern mono
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297This characteristic raises one s
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299is not only a linguistic problem
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301with all their communicative ski
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303cooperative (and not competitive
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305group and groom each other, they
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307hungry lion. And here comes anot
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309“attacking power” of the “
Page 311 and 312:
311Singing in Peaceful Times:Toward
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313he changed his view and linked t
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315Gestural Theory of Language Orig
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317among hominids. The situation of
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319whistle with a whistle. The inte
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321referential function. In contemp
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323mental abilities, but even music
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325articulated elements, where the
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327development experts would unanim
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329years after 1996, if I see a new
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331• Why do we ask questions?This
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333With the emergence of the abilit
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335apes’ and humans’ mental abi
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337The fascinating fact about the T
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339curiosity cannot exist, although
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341• Question intonation is argua
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343A few cases of “wolf children
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345(2) Children under two and pidgi
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347Let’s Talk: Origin of SpeechTh
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349article concluded with the sugge
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351are disposed to accept such a vi
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353articulated speech among the anc
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355speech (possibly in conjunction
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357function, while in the sub-Sahar
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359acquired, it is one of the most
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361millennia. So the historical dyn
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363of stuttering was mostly margina
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365when I reminded her of our conve
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367• A comparison of the stutteri
Page 369 and 370: 369predisposition towards stutterin
Page 371 and 372: 371There are some well-researched p
Page 373 and 374: 373Developmental dyslexiaStuttering
Page 375 and 376: 375mastery or correct usage of soun
Page 377 and 378: 377• As the process of the declin
Page 379 and 380: 379major African ground predators (
Page 381 and 382: 381PostScript:Moral and ethics issu
Page 383 and 384: 383(Jordania, 1989:240), believing
Page 385 and 386: 385without turning these difference
Page 387 and 388: 387Central African Republic, Bangul
Page 389 and 390: 389polyphon y.” 4. Nailia Almeeva
Page 391 and 392: 391aural tradition: Results and the
Page 393 and 394: 3931. Tamar Chkheidze. “Peculiari
Page 395 and 396: 395Krimanchuli (Yodel) in West Geor
Page 397 and 398: 397ReferencesABDUSHELISHVILI, MALKH
Page 399 and 400: 399ASAFIEV, BORIS. 1971. Musical fo
Page 401 and 402: 401BLACKING, JOHN. 1973. How musica
Page 403 and 404: 403BUCHER, KARL. 1923 (1919). Arbei
Page 405 and 406: 405COOKE, PETER. 1998. East Africa:
Page 407 and 408: 407ELSCHEKOVA, ALICA. 1963. “Der
Page 409 and 410: 409GANDOUR, JACK, SORANEE H. PETTY,
Page 411 and 412: 411HALPERN, IDA. 1975. “Music of
Page 413 and 414: 413JELINEK, JAN. 1978. Homo erectus
Page 415 and 416: 415methodologies? Erich Stockmann z
Page 417 and 418: 417---- 1975. Music of Ainu. In Pro
Page 419: 419KUTER, LOIS. Brittany. In The Ga
Page 423 and 424: 423Symposiu m on Traditional Polyph
Page 425 and 426: 425PERETZ, ISABELLE. 2003. Brain sp
Page 427 and 428: 427---- 2003. The geographical dist
Page 429 and 430: 429SALEH, MAGDA. 2002. Dance in Egy
Page 431 and 432: 431SNOWDON, CHARLES T. 1982. “Lin
Page 433 and 434: 433THORNE, ALAN G., and MILFORD H.
Page 435 and 436: 435WEIDENREICH, FRANZ. 1943. The "N
Page 437 and 438: 437Materials of the Voronezh confer
Page 439 and 440: 439Aotearoa (New Zealand) 174Apan,
Page 441 and 442: 441Brambats, Karl 183, 231Brandel,
Page 443 and 444: 443Dancing 10, 31-32, 36, 38, 40-43
Page 445 and 446: 445Gamkrelidze, Thomas 18, 216, 253
Page 447 and 448: 447Iso 114, 116 (see also drone)Ist
Page 449 and 450: 449McFarlane, Iain 19McNeill, Willi
Page 451 and 452: 451Niger 45Nikoladze, Ketevan 18, 2
Page 453 and 454: 453Qollas 171questions, asking ques
Page 455 and 456: Sotho 40Sorce-Keller, Marcello 139-
Page 457 and 458: 457Tsurtsumia, Rusudan 18, 392-4, 3
Page 459 and 460: Zhoukoudian 353Zhvania, Tina 18, 39
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