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396styles of multipart singing: the trallalero (multipart singing) and the canto a bordone (singing with drone)(Liguria, Italy).” 4. Josko Caleta (Croatia). “The Multipart singing of Croatia - Vocal Traditions of theAdriatic Islands.” 5. Jean-Jacques Casteret (France). “Multipart singing in France (Basque and OccitanPyrenees).“ 6. Dieter Christensen, USA. “Sound archives: technology, research, state.“ 7. PantxoaEtchegoin (France). “’Kantuketan’ – Universe of the Basque traditional song” 8. Franz Foedermayr(Austria). “Examples of virtual multi-part music and their psychoacoustic foundation.” 9. TamazGabisonia, Georgia. “The notion of “polyphony”(“multi-voiced singing”) and Georgian folk music.” 10.Giorgi Gotsiridze & Nino Gambashidze, Georgia. “Liturgical nature, appraisals and table chants ofGeorgian traditional feast.” 11. Vladimer Gogotishvili, Georgia. “Mode-intonational peculiarities of the“Georgian cadence” of type 1.” 12. Joseph Jordania, Australia. “Origin of rhythm: Beginnings of choralpolyphony and the defence strategy in human evolution.” 13. Franz Lechleitner (Austria). “The GeorgianWax Cylinder Collections – Recording technology and recommendations for restoration.” 14. GerdaLechleitner and Nona Lomidze (Austria). “Bukharian and Georgian Jews in Vienna.” 15. Otar Kapanadze,Davit Shugliashvili, Georgia. “Presentation of new fieldwork materials from Surebi [mountainous villagein Guria, western Georgia].” 16. Andrea Kuzmich (Canada). “Non-change in the Traditional GeorgianPolyphonic Songs of Tbilisi Ensembles.” 17. Mikhail Lobanov (Russia). “Previously Unaccounted Type ofRussian Vocal Polyphony.” 18. Nona Lomidze (Austria). “Georgian song, transcription and computer.” 19.Florian Messner (Australia). “The multi-part vocal tradition in Eastern Flores (Indonesia), Middle WesternBulgaria and Baluan Island, Manus Province (Papua New Guinea): A Comparison.” 20. Ruzha Neykova(Bulgaria). “The polyphonic singing in a female ritual of South Western Bulgaria.” 21. Lauren Ninoshvili(USA). “Georgian polyphony in English liturgical music for the 21st century.“ 22. Emi Nishina, NorieKawai, Manabu Honda, Reiko Yagi, Masako Morimoto, Satoshi Nakamura, Tadao Maekawa, YoshiharuYonekura, Hiroshi Shibasaki amnd Tsutomu Oohashi (Japan). “Biological mechanism of perception ofinaudible high-frequency component included in musical sounds.” 23. Anna Piotrowska (Poland).“Folklore as a Source of National Identification in Music.” 24. Jaksa Promorac (Croatia). “Local styles inDalmatian klapa singing.” 25. Nino Pirtskhalava, Georgia. “On Georgian Notion Mortulebi, DenotingMusical Harmony, in the Works of Ioanne Petritsi.” 26. Teona Rukhadze, Georgia. “Achara-Shavshetiwedding (best men’s) songs.” 27. Manana Shilakadze, Georgia. “Table Songs in the Context of Traditional-Domestic Culture.” 28. Davit Shugliashvili, Georgia. “Shesvladi in Georgian Sacred Chant.” 29. DaivaRachiunaite-Vychiniene, Lithuania. “Seeking for origin of songs with refrain tumba and theirinterpretation.” 30. Nino Tsitsishvili, Australia. „Gender and imrovisation in Georgian polyphonicsinging“. 31. Rusudan Tsurtsumia, Georgia. “Georgian Wax Cylinder Collection.” 32. Polo Vallejo, Spain.“Music and logic among the wagogo people from Tanzania.” 33. Susanne Ziegler, Germany. “Polyphonyin historical recordings of the Berlin PhonogrammArchiv.” 34. Natalia Zumbadze, Georgia. “GeorgianSongs of the Birth of Son.”The dynamics of the scholarly meetings from the 1960s to the 2000s shows asteady increase in the interest of ethnomusicologists in the problems of traditionalpolyphony. The 1960s witnessed only one conference, or, more precisely, a part of aconference, dedicated to traditional polyphony (in Ghana); In the 1970s two conferenceswere organized (in Georgia and Sent-Polten); In the 1980s the number of conferenceswent up to four (three in Georgia and one in Russia). The 1990s was the only decadewhen the number of conferences decreased (only three conferences, two in Paris and onein Georgia), mostly because of the disastrous political and social situation in Georgiaafter the break-up of the Soviet Union. As the new millennium starts, within the lastseven years (2000-2006) six special conferences have already been organized (four inGeorgia, one in Austria and one in Taiwan).This increase in the number of polyphonic conferences indicates the steadilygrowing interest of ethnomusicologists in the problems of traditional polyphony. This“polyphony of conferences” on human choral singing hopefully will lead us to a betterunderstanding of our evolutionary roots, and will provide us with a positive historicalexample of the strength and the importance of the cooperative singing of the human race.
397ReferencesABDUSHELISHVILI, MALKHAZ. 1964. Anthropology of the ancient andcontemporary population of Georgia. Tbilisi: Metsniereba. (In Russian)---- 1966. Craniology of ancient and contemporary population of theCaucasus. Tbilisi: Tbilisi University Press. (In Georgian)ABRAHAM, OTTO, and ERICH M. von HORNBOSTEL. 1922.Phonographierte Indianermelodien aus Britisch-Columbia, in Sammelbande furvergleichende Musikwissenschaft I.ADLER, GUIDO. 1908. Uber Heterophonie. Jahrbuch der MusikbibliothekPeters XV, Leipzig, pp. 7-27.AHMEDAJA, ARDIAN. 2005. “On diversity of multipart singing amongAlbanians: The relationship between the parts in songs of Toskeri and Myzeqe”, in TheSecond International Symposium on Traditional Polyphony, 2004. Edited by RusudanTsurtsumia and Joseph Jordania, pp. 137-165. Tbilisi State Conservatory.AIELLO, LESLIE, and ROBIN L. DUNBAR. 1993. Neocortex size, group size,and the evolution of language. Current Anthropology 34:184-93.AITCHISON, JEAN. 1996. The seeds of speech: Language origin and evolution.Cambridge: Cambridge University press.---- 2003. A glossary of language and mind. Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress.AKHOBADZE, VLADIMER, and I. KORTUA. 1957. Abkhazian songs.Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe Muzikalnoe Izdatelstvo. (In Russian)ALEXEEV, EDUARD E. 1967. Do the Yakuts have polyphony? Soviet Muzika5:97-105. (In Russian)---- 1976. Problems of emergence of scales. Moscow: Muzika. (InRussian)ALEXEEV, VALERI P. 1974. Geography of human races. Moscow: Nauka. (InRussian)---- 1974a. Origin of the peoples of the Caucasia. Moscow: Nauka. (InRussian)---- 1979. Anthropometry of Siberian peoples. In The first Americans:Origins, affinities, and adaptations. Edited by W. S. Laughlin and A. B. Harper, pp. 57-90. New York: G. Fischer.---- 1985. Geography of forming of human races. Moscow: Nauka. (InRussian)---- 1986. Ethno-genesis. Moscow: Visshaia Shkola. (In Russian)ALEXEEV VALERI, and I. I. GOHMAN. 1983. Physical anthropology of SovietAsia. Munich-Vienna.ALLIERES, J. 1979. Manuel Practique de Basque. Roman ArchaeologicalDocuments. Paris: Picard.ALMEEVA, NAILIA. 1985. “Traditional polyphony of ‘Christened Tatars’ fromthe middle region of Volga River,” in Problems of folk polyphony. Edited by JosephJordania, pp. 15-18. Tbilisi: Sabchota Sakartvelo. (In Russian with English summary)
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ContentsForeword and acknowledgemen
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South Asia: India (Assam; Southern
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more enjoying the traditional ‘Ho
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12the rest of the country does not
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141989:Let me briefly introduce som
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‣ During the last 20 years of my
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18Saharan African populations, than
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and of course, Sheree Reece from th
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22Part 1.World stylesof traditional
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used term, although not universally
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30 January, 1986). Hugh Shields gav
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western Georgian polyphonic “trio
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30contains more than one compositio
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32rhythmic component in African mus
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Gerhard Kubik, if you want to count
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36missionaries was very much aided
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as witness recordings by barely a d
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40England provides an incredibly in
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of West Africa is a well-known and
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44African populations played a cruc
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46unusual element of Tuareg culture
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48heterophony). European profession
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50famously declared that to verify
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Out of these five main types of Rus
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54heterophonic and octave forms of
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56Ex. 3. Abkhazia. (Akhobadze, Kort
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58Balkarians and KarachaevisThese t
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60Ossetian polyphony is based on th
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62Garakanidze, who conducted a shor
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64in the southern part of the settl
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66Almeeva noted the presence of the
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68UkraineRegarding polyphonic singi
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70200), the difference between dron
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72BelarusBelarus is a part of the
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74Besides the drone and heterophoni
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76of the feast traditions and long
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78East GeorgiaEast Georgia consists
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80Fig. 3. Modulation from G to G# t
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82Polyphonic singing traditions in
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84In this four-part section we can
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86Improvisation in western Georgian
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88During our 1999 fieldwork in Geor
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90Interestingly, as Anzor Erkomaish
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92Different western Georgian dialec
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95Ex. 37. Lile. Ritual song dedicat
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97David Shugliashvili, both eastern
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99Urban MusicThe urban singing styl
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101Ex. 42. Suliko. Urban love song.
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103In Georgian traditional polyphon
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105BalkansThe Balkans are one of th
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107the tradition of polyphonic sing
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109It represents an interesting mix
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111Ex. 54. Bosnia and Herzegovina,
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113MacedoniaSpeaking about Macedoni
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115Ex. 59. Albania. Laberi style po
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117of fact, together with Romania,
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119countries of the Baltic region a
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121research about sutartines (Slavi
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123LatviaAnother Baltic country, La
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125Ex. 68. Estonia. Setu polyphony
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127Tbilisi State Conservatory in th
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129contracted this peculiarity of s
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131throughout medieval northern Eur
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133electronic media; and whether th
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135To complete the review of the Ce
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137(9) The singing style is harsh a
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139ItalyWith its internationally re
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141than 120 Sicilianvillages and it
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143Vocal Polyphony in AsiaAsia is b
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145music of Ancient Greece itself i
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147possible space of a second.” T
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149sources from the 5 th (Favstos B
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151polyphonic singing came from Taj
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153(asamchilog, choir). 6/8 metre i
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155or less in unison, and one voice
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157Lithuanian sutartines, where you
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159idea of how rich (and how unknow
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161Ex. 90. China, Tibet (Bucher, 19
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163South-East AsiaVietnamAccording
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165Not all the traditions and music
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Vocal Polyphony in North AmericaThe
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169west of the region (Densmore, 19
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171the Indian melodies continue wit
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173(Burney 1975:84. Cited from Kaep
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175Easter Island] and the westernmo
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177of Northwest American Indians an
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179Of course, to say that the pre-W
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181faraway cultures without contact
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183• Anne Draffkorn Kilmer sugges
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185some extinct civilizations (anci
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187hear assertions that a certain s
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189population of North Greece, moun
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191and possibly about the cultural
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193rules of Polynesian traditional
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1953. Social organization of the si
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197(2) Another inconvenience is tha
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199According to the common belief o
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201level. Darwin made a correct con
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203during the 20 th century sutarti
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205Even in cases of century- and mi
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207With the convincing and well-doc
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209Conclusions for the previous two
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211Indo-European family of language
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213all musicians are Bachs, but all
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215Switzerland, Germany, Austria, I
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217evidence for them. If a proto-Ca
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219West and Central Asia. Solo perf
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221monophonic singing styles. So, w
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223(1) Drone dissonant-based polyph
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225the ancient drone polyphony with
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227major forests, islands, continen
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229the influence of the “oriental
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231• Florian Messner (1980) point
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233(“collective”) sutartines wi
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235Case Study #7Overtone Singing of
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237together wit Valentina Suzukei (
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239(8) As harmonics are a universal
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241(as “collective sutartines”)
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243perspective, can provide more us
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245For a further discussion of this
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247with two other parts, sung by so
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249that there is hardly a single do
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251hairiness, Cavalli-Sforza sites
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253Two possible historical models m
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255where the former pearl diving bo
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257new territories (subject to the
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259minimum? And did the development
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261settlement history, and the most
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263instruments from Mediterranean r
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265music transcription. There are 5
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267• Even the transcription of Ku
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269“Music iconography can reveal
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271specific double flute made from
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273Case Study #14Polynesian Polypho
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275complexity plus precise enunciat
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277Case Study #15The Beatles: Ancie
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279Acknowledging the crucial differ
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281• Performance style. Arguably
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283C-major key, G major chord could
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285Ending of the songs on non-tonic
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287Fig. 16. Medieval West Georgian
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289phenomenon in the history of the
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291North America (according to the
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293Part 3Singing, Questioning, Thin
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295European and Middle Eastern mono
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297This characteristic raises one s
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299is not only a linguistic problem
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301with all their communicative ski
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303cooperative (and not competitive
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305group and groom each other, they
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307hungry lion. And here comes anot
Page 309 and 310:
309“attacking power” of the “
Page 311 and 312:
311Singing in Peaceful Times:Toward
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313he changed his view and linked t
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315Gestural Theory of Language Orig
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317among hominids. The situation of
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319whistle with a whistle. The inte
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321referential function. In contemp
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323mental abilities, but even music
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325articulated elements, where the
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327development experts would unanim
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329years after 1996, if I see a new
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331• Why do we ask questions?This
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333With the emergence of the abilit
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335apes’ and humans’ mental abi
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337The fascinating fact about the T
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339curiosity cannot exist, although
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341• Question intonation is argua
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343A few cases of “wolf children
Page 345 and 346: 345(2) Children under two and pidgi
Page 347 and 348: 347Let’s Talk: Origin of SpeechTh
Page 349 and 350: 349article concluded with the sugge
Page 351 and 352: 351are disposed to accept such a vi
Page 353 and 354: 353articulated speech among the anc
Page 355 and 356: 355speech (possibly in conjunction
Page 357 and 358: 357function, while in the sub-Sahar
Page 359 and 360: 359acquired, it is one of the most
Page 361 and 362: 361millennia. So the historical dyn
Page 363 and 364: 363of stuttering was mostly margina
Page 365 and 366: 365when I reminded her of our conve
Page 367 and 368: 367• A comparison of the stutteri
Page 369 and 370: 369predisposition towards stutterin
Page 371 and 372: 371There are some well-researched p
Page 373 and 374: 373Developmental dyslexiaStuttering
Page 375 and 376: 375mastery or correct usage of soun
Page 377 and 378: 377• As the process of the declin
Page 379 and 380: 379major African ground predators (
Page 381 and 382: 381PostScript:Moral and ethics issu
Page 383 and 384: 383(Jordania, 1989:240), believing
Page 385 and 386: 385without turning these difference
Page 387 and 388: 387Central African Republic, Bangul
Page 389 and 390: 389polyphon y.” 4. Nailia Almeeva
Page 391 and 392: 391aural tradition: Results and the
Page 393 and 394: 3931. Tamar Chkheidze. “Peculiari
Page 395: 395Krimanchuli (Yodel) in West Geor
Page 399 and 400: 399ASAFIEV, BORIS. 1971. Musical fo
Page 401 and 402: 401BLACKING, JOHN. 1973. How musica
Page 403 and 404: 403BUCHER, KARL. 1923 (1919). Arbei
Page 405 and 406: 405COOKE, PETER. 1998. East Africa:
Page 407 and 408: 407ELSCHEKOVA, ALICA. 1963. “Der
Page 409 and 410: 409GANDOUR, JACK, SORANEE H. PETTY,
Page 411 and 412: 411HALPERN, IDA. 1975. “Music of
Page 413 and 414: 413JELINEK, JAN. 1978. Homo erectus
Page 415 and 416: 415methodologies? Erich Stockmann z
Page 417 and 418: 417---- 1975. Music of Ainu. In Pro
Page 419 and 420: 419KUTER, LOIS. Brittany. In The Ga
Page 421 and 422: 421MACCHIARELLA, IGNAZIO. 2005. The
Page 423 and 424: 423Symposiu m on Traditional Polyph
Page 425 and 426: 425PERETZ, ISABELLE. 2003. Brain sp
Page 427 and 428: 427---- 2003. The geographical dist
Page 429 and 430: 429SALEH, MAGDA. 2002. Dance in Egy
Page 431 and 432: 431SNOWDON, CHARLES T. 1982. “Lin
Page 433 and 434: 433THORNE, ALAN G., and MILFORD H.
Page 435 and 436: 435WEIDENREICH, FRANZ. 1943. The "N
Page 437 and 438: 437Materials of the Voronezh confer
Page 439 and 440: 439Aotearoa (New Zealand) 174Apan,
Page 441 and 442: 441Brambats, Karl 183, 231Brandel,
Page 443 and 444: 443Dancing 10, 31-32, 36, 38, 40-43
Page 445 and 446: 445Gamkrelidze, Thomas 18, 216, 253
Page 447 and 448:
447Iso 114, 116 (see also drone)Ist
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449McFarlane, Iain 19McNeill, Willi
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451Niger 45Nikoladze, Ketevan 18, 2
Page 453 and 454:
453Qollas 171questions, asking ques
Page 455 and 456:
Sotho 40Sorce-Keller, Marcello 139-
Page 457 and 458:
457Tsurtsumia, Rusudan 18, 392-4, 3
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Zhoukoudian 353Zhvania, Tina 18, 39
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