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291North America (according to the physical anthropological, archaeological and molecularbiological evidence) strengthens the idea of possible European connections of Ainupolyphony.• Elements of vocal polyphony of American Indians, scattered among differenttribes of North, Central and South America, strengthen the suggestion of the growinggroup of scholars about the participation of European populations in the early settlementof the American continent.• Strong traditions of Polynesian vocal polyphony should not be neglected in thelong running discussion on the settlement of Polynesian Islands. Links of the Polynesianpolyphony point towards three regions: (1) polyphony of Southeast Asian autochthonouspopulation, (2) polyphony of Melanesian populations, and (3) European polyphony viaAmerican continent. Typologically Polynesian polyphony is closest to the Europeantraditional polyphony.• Wide geographic distribution of ancient European vocal polyphony must beconnected to the dominating direction of large-scale migrations – going eastwards orwestwards. The same way East Asian populations were also spread very widely, althoughmostly north of the Equator. South America and Polynesia seems to be the only regionswhere the European and East Asian populations settled South Hemisphere in prehistorictimes (possibly via the Andean Mountain “passage”).• The historical model of the gradual disappearance of the tradition of vocalpolyphony in different regions of the world suggests, that general skepticism towards thepresence of polyphony in ancient Mesopotamia and Mesoamerica is unfounded. I suggestthat Sumerians, Hurrians, and cultures of Mesoamerica must have been familiar withvocal polyphony as well.• Internal links between singing and playing blown instruments (based most likelyon a shared system of sound-producing - breathing) can revolutionize our understandingof the distribution of vocal polyphony in ancient period.• Polyphony of pearl-divers could be an extremely ancient phenomenon,connected to the singing traditions of Ancient Mesopotamia.• Well-documented late origin of European professional polyphony is unique inthe history of human musical culture and should not be extrapolated on other (traditional)polyphonic traditions. Origin of European professional polyphony was itself a result ofthe mixture of the west Asian (early Christian) monophonic singing practice and ancientEuropean polyphonic traditions.• Professional and traditional polyphonic cultures use very different models ofmusic writing, transmission, and performance. Creative genius of the members of theBeatles brought back to contemporary popular music many systemic elements oftraditional polyphonic cultures. According to some important features of creative processand elements of musical language, the Beatles were closer to traditional polyphoniccultures than to the “classic” R’n’Roll.####### ####### ####### ####### ####### ####### #######The part 2 came to an end. We discussed wide range of topics connected to thecomparative and historical perspectives of the polyphonic traditions from differentregions of the world. We have approached the “moment of the truth” – the very origins of