who asked the first question? - International Research Center For ...
who asked the first question? - International Research Center For ... who asked the first question? - International Research Center For ...
1941. Type of polyphony2. Vertical coordination between the parts3. Social organization of the singing group4. Scales5. Rhythm and metreAll five stylistic parameters are easy to distinguish and easy to use in acomparative analysis. This practicality is very important, as a researcher needs to classifya large number of musical examples and transcriptions from different polyphoniccultures. We need also to remember that, unfortunately, the information about differentpolyphonic styles is not always complete, as not all existing transcriptions provide thefullest possible information. Here is a brief discussion of the strong and weak points ofeach of the five stylistic parameters:1. Type of polyphony. This parameter is at the top of the list of the set ofstylistic parameters not only because it is the main feature element ofany polyphonic tradition, but because it also shows a remarkablestability in the course of human history. During the complex ethnic andcultural mixtures and during the migration processes the type ofpolyphony is more likely to survive (unless there is a considerablechange of the indigenous population). The type of polyphony can be a(1) ostinato (present in most of the polyphonic traditions, and in somecultures totally dominating, as among Pygmies), (2) drone (e.g. as inthe Balkans and many other European and some Pacific polyphonictraditions), (3) parallel polyphony (particularly widespread in mostsub-Saharan African polyphonic traditions), (4) variant heterophony(very widely distributed all around the world and particularly importantamong Eastern Slavs).2. Vertical coordination between the parts. I propose this as the secondmost important parameter of polyphonic traditions. Polyphonic culturesdiffer from each other according to the intervals (or chords) they preferto hear in their singing. In other (more scholarly) words, culturesdiffer from each other according to the principles of verticalcoordination between the parts. We may generally distinguish two mainprinciples of vertical coordination – coordination on dissonantintervals (particularly on seconds, as in the Balkan and Caucasiantraditions), and coordination on consonant intervals (particularly onthirds, fifths, octaves and triads, as in most of sub-Saharan Africantraditions). There are also cases when the vertical coordination betweenthe parts (intervals and chords) is mostly a result of the freedevelopment of melodic variants (dissonant clashes in variantheterophony).
1953. Social organization of the singing group. Without going into the veryinteresting and important subtleties of the interrelationships between theparts and singers within a traditional singing group in different cultures(which could be a good topic for a separate big-scale research), in thisbook this parameter concentrates simply on the number of the singersof each part in a polyphonic texture. Which part/parts are performedby the individual singer and which part/parts are performed by a groupof singers? There are cases when the groups of singers perform all theparts. In other cases the individual performers perform most of theparts, and the big group performs only one part (this occurs in themajority of cases in polyphonic cultures). And finally, there could becases where individual performers perform all the parts. Althoughgender differences are another very important part of the socialorganization of many polyphonic traditions (also a good topic forseparate research), the gender aspect will only get a limited attention inour classification.4. Scales. Traditional polyphonic singing uses different types of scales:diatonic, pentatonic, tetratonic, hexatonic, tetrachordal, pentachordaletc. As if this is not enough, each of these scales might contain a fewsubtypes as well (e.g. pentatonic can be minor, major, or neutral; it canalso be without a half tone, or with a half tone, etc.). We will have aspecial look at the diatonic scale systems based on the use of perfectoctaves, perfect fourths, and perfect fifths (creating accordingly thescales systems of the octave diatonic, fourths diatonic, and the fifthsdiatonic). This parameter (scales) is the most technical, and I’ll do mybest to give simple explanations in the text to the non-professionalreaders.5. Rhythm and metre. The rhythmic and metric nature of the music iseasier for a non-professional reader to understand than the system ofscales. Polyphonic traditions use all the varieties of the existing metres:simple duple and triple metres, array of complex metres, and the freemetre. The polyphonic nature of music, which requires rhythmicallywell-coordinated and coherent singing, naturally favors more simplerepetitive rhythms (for example, simple duple rhythm dominates sub-Saharan African and western Georgian polyphonic singing traditions).Interesting cases of the polyphonic traditions with a free metre will beanalyzed later in the chapter.All parameters of this five-unit set are fundamentally important for the musicallanguage of each polyphonic tradition, although their importance for comparativeresearch is not equal (at lest, in this study). The reason for this is the difference instability and the availability of the information on different parameters. Some of theparameters seem to be extremely stable (e.g. type of polyphony, or the vertical
- Page 143 and 144: 143Vocal Polyphony in AsiaAsia is b
- Page 145 and 146: 145music of Ancient Greece itself i
- Page 147 and 148: 147possible space of a second.” T
- Page 149 and 150: 149sources from the 5 th (Favstos B
- Page 151 and 152: 151polyphonic singing came from Taj
- Page 153 and 154: 153(asamchilog, choir). 6/8 metre i
- Page 155 and 156: 155or less in unison, and one voice
- Page 157 and 158: 157Lithuanian sutartines, where you
- Page 159 and 160: 159idea of how rich (and how unknow
- Page 161 and 162: 161Ex. 90. China, Tibet (Bucher, 19
- Page 163 and 164: 163South-East AsiaVietnamAccording
- Page 165 and 166: 165Not all the traditions and music
- Page 167 and 168: Vocal Polyphony in North AmericaThe
- Page 169 and 170: 169west of the region (Densmore, 19
- Page 171 and 172: 171the Indian melodies continue wit
- Page 173 and 174: 173(Burney 1975:84. Cited from Kaep
- Page 175 and 176: 175Easter Island] and the westernmo
- Page 177 and 178: 177of Northwest American Indians an
- Page 179 and 180: 179Of course, to say that the pre-W
- Page 181 and 182: 181faraway cultures without contact
- Page 183 and 184: 183• Anne Draffkorn Kilmer sugges
- Page 185 and 186: 185some extinct civilizations (anci
- Page 187 and 188: 187hear assertions that a certain s
- Page 189 and 190: 189population of North Greece, moun
- Page 191 and 192: 191and possibly about the cultural
- Page 193: 193rules of Polynesian traditional
- Page 197 and 198: 197(2) Another inconvenience is tha
- Page 199 and 200: 199According to the common belief o
- Page 201 and 202: 201level. Darwin made a correct con
- Page 203 and 204: 203during the 20 th century sutarti
- Page 205 and 206: 205Even in cases of century- and mi
- Page 207 and 208: 207With the convincing and well-doc
- Page 209 and 210: 209Conclusions for the previous two
- Page 211 and 212: 211Indo-European family of language
- Page 213 and 214: 213all musicians are Bachs, but all
- Page 215 and 216: 215Switzerland, Germany, Austria, I
- Page 217 and 218: 217evidence for them. If a proto-Ca
- Page 219 and 220: 219West and Central Asia. Solo perf
- Page 221 and 222: 221monophonic singing styles. So, w
- Page 223 and 224: 223(1) Drone dissonant-based polyph
- Page 225 and 226: 225the ancient drone polyphony with
- Page 227 and 228: 227major forests, islands, continen
- Page 229 and 230: 229the influence of the “oriental
- Page 231 and 232: 231• Florian Messner (1980) point
- Page 233 and 234: 233(“collective”) sutartines wi
- Page 235 and 236: 235Case Study #7Overtone Singing of
- Page 237 and 238: 237together wit Valentina Suzukei (
- Page 239 and 240: 239(8) As harmonics are a universal
- Page 241 and 242: 241(as “collective sutartines”)
- Page 243 and 244: 243perspective, can provide more us
1941. Type of polyphony2. Vertical coordination between <strong>the</strong> parts3. Social organization of <strong>the</strong> singing group4. Scales5. Rhythm and metreAll five stylistic parameters are easy to distinguish and easy to use in acomparative analysis. This practicality is very important, as a researcher needs to classifya large number of musical examples and transcriptions from different polyphoniccultures. We need also to remember that, unfortunately, <strong>the</strong> information about differentpolyphonic styles is not always complete, as not all existing transcriptions provide <strong>the</strong>fullest possible information. Here is a brief discussion of <strong>the</strong> strong and weak points ofeach of <strong>the</strong> five stylistic parameters:1. Type of polyphony. This parameter is at <strong>the</strong> top of <strong>the</strong> list of <strong>the</strong> set ofstylistic parameters not only because it is <strong>the</strong> main feature element ofany polyphonic tradition, but because it also shows a remarkablestability in <strong>the</strong> course of human history. During <strong>the</strong> complex ethnic andcultural mixtures and during <strong>the</strong> migration processes <strong>the</strong> type ofpolyphony is more likely to survive (unless <strong>the</strong>re is a considerablechange of <strong>the</strong> indigenous population). The type of polyphony can be a(1) ostinato (present in most of <strong>the</strong> polyphonic traditions, and in somecultures totally dominating, as among Pygmies), (2) drone (e.g. as in<strong>the</strong> Balkans and many o<strong>the</strong>r European and some Pacific polyphonictraditions), (3) parallel polyphony (particularly widespread in mostsub-Saharan African polyphonic traditions), (4) variant heterophony(very widely distributed all around <strong>the</strong> world and particularly importantamong Eastern Slavs).2. Vertical coordination between <strong>the</strong> parts. I propose this as <strong>the</strong> secondmost important parameter of polyphonic traditions. Polyphonic culturesdiffer from each o<strong>the</strong>r according to <strong>the</strong> intervals (or chords) <strong>the</strong>y preferto hear in <strong>the</strong>ir singing. In o<strong>the</strong>r (more scholarly) words, culturesdiffer from each o<strong>the</strong>r according to <strong>the</strong> principles of verticalcoordination between <strong>the</strong> parts. We may generally distinguish two mainprinciples of vertical coordination – coordination on dissonantintervals (particularly on seconds, as in <strong>the</strong> Balkan and Caucasiantraditions), and coordination on consonant intervals (particularly onthirds, fifths, octaves and triads, as in most of sub-Saharan Africantraditions). There are also cases when <strong>the</strong> vertical coordination between<strong>the</strong> parts (intervals and chords) is mostly a result of <strong>the</strong> freedevelopment of melodic variants (dissonant clashes in varian<strong>the</strong>terophony).