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Lathouder, Kapteijn and Moulijn 41present in the system, the stirrer rate was varied between 50 and 400 rpm. The resultsfor the immobilized lipase are plotted in Figure 3.activity [mmol/l*s]0.250.20.150.10.050CNFSucrosePFAPEI0 100 200 300 400 500stirrer rate [rpm]Figure 3. Initialactivity ofimmobilized lipase inthe acylation of vinylacetate in butanol atvarying stirrer rate.Comparison ofdifferent carboncarriers.For these biocatalysts, no profound influence of stirrer rate could bedetected. Apparently no external mass transfer limitations are present in the system.rvobs,This was confirmed by calculating the Carberry number (Ca =), the'a ⋅ks⋅Cbratio of the observed rate and the maximal mass transfer rate. For all experiments, Ca
42Monolithic BioreactorMenten equation, the observed reaction rate was calculated assuming a mass transferlimited regime in the substrate concentration range 0.1-0.2 g/l.Activity [10 -4 mmol/l*s]654321Figure 5. Effect ofstirrer rate on trypsinactivity in the hydrolysisof BAEE at under themass transfer limitedconditions at 308 K.00 50 100 150Stirrer rate [rpm]From these results, the effective mass transfer coefficient k s [s -1 ] can becalculated and was found to vary from 8*10 -6 m/s (10 rpm) to 1.2*10 -5 m/s (40 rpm).Around 100 rpm, the system enters the kinetically limited regime (Ca=0.05). Theseresults show that immobilized trypsin is very active and useful for determining masstransfer rates for liquid solid systems.In summary, it can be concluded that the monolithic stirrer reactor is aconvenient reactor type both for the laboratory and the production plant. It is userfriendlyand can be used to compare different catalysts in the kinetically limitedregime or hydrodynamic behavior in the mass transfer controlled regime. Stirrers ormonolith samples can be easily exchanged and reloaded to suit the desired enzymeand/or reaction conditions.Experimental SectionSucrose-based carbon carriers were prepared following the method of (7). Monolithswere coated with a 65% sucrose solution in water, followed by horizontal drying andcarbonization for two hours at 823 K in a horizontal furnace under H 2 . Polyfurfurylalcohol (PFA) based carbon coatings were prepared (8) by coating with PFAsolution. Carbonization was performed in a horizontal furnace at 823 K under Ar for2 h. Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) were prepared by washcoating the monolithicsupports with a silica layer (9). Ni was deposited on the support by homogeneousdeposition precipitation at 353 K from a 0.5 M aqueous urea solution (10). Afterreduction under H 2 for 1 h at 823 K, carbon nanofibers were grown at 823 K undermethane and H 2 in N 2 . Polyethylenimine-functionalized supports were prepared (11)via a direct coupling through (3-glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GPTMS). Themonoliths were washcoated with a colloidal silica layer, followed by reaction atroom temperature for 24 h in a 5wt% solution of silane in toluene, containing 0.1%v/v triethylamine. The polymer was attached from a 10 wt% PEI solution in water(pH 10) under ambient conditions for 24 h. Chitosan coatings were applied by
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Catalysis ofOrganic Reactions
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14. Catalyst Manufacture: Laborator
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62. Catalysis of Organic Reactions,
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108. Metal Oxides: Chemistry and Ap
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CRC PressTaylor & Francis Group6000
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xiii14. The Transformation of Light
Page 18 and 19: xviien Catalisis y Petroquimica (UN
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Page 36 and 37: Jones et al. 9term performance char
Page 38 and 39: Jones et al. 115. A. S. Gruber, D.
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Page 42 and 43: Moses et al. 15perrhenate, followed
Page 44 and 45: Moses et al. 17SnCOSnMe 4≡SiOReO
Page 46 and 47: Moses et al. 19(AlOSi) of the cube.
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Page 50 and 51: Wang et al. 233. Catalytic Hydrogen
Page 52 and 53: Wang et al. 25The rate expressions
Page 54 and 55: Wang et al. 27Schiff’s base forma
Page 56: Wang et al. 29AcknowledgementsWe gr
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Page 61 and 62: 34Halophosphite LigandsThe ligands,
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Page 74 and 75: Gőbölös et al. 47was practically
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Page 95 and 96: 68Synthesis of MIBKwe examined the
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Page 101 and 102: 74Synthesis of MIBKobtained for MIB
Page 104 and 105: Ardizzi et al. 7710. The Control of
Page 106 and 107: Ardizzi et al. 79type acidity at th
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Page 111 and 112: 84Phenol Benzoylationconsecutive Fr
Page 113 and 114: 86Phenol BenzoylationThis does not
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92Oxidation with Microchannel Immob
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100 Propylene Partial OxidationThe
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102 Propylene Partial OxidationSiO
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104 Propylene Partial Oxidation0.01
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106 Propylene Partial Oxidation0.02
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108 Propylene Partial OxidationRefe
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110Oxidation of n-Pentanemethacryli
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112Oxidation of n-PentaneFReqox1ox2
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114Oxidation of n-Pentanethe presen
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116Oxidation of n-PentaneIn the mec
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118Oxidation of n-PentaneReferences
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120TEMPO Oxidation of Alcoholsthe u
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122TEMPO Oxidation of AlcoholsThe r
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124TEMPO Oxidation of Alcoholsany d
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126TEMPO Oxidation of Alcoholsconce
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128TEMPO Oxidation of AlcoholsMNT :
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130TEMPO Oxidation of Alcoholsuptak
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132Aminoalcohols to Aminocarboxylic
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142Bromine-Free TEMPO-Based Catalys
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148CO OxidationP25 TiO 2 , respecti
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150CO Oxidation0.02(a)21802110(b)21
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152CO Oxidationcarboxylate species
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Yamauchi 15519. 2006 Murray Raney A
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Yamauchi 157transformation is schem
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Yamauchi 159The X-ray diffraction p
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Yamauchi 161was -0.0009, -0.0032 an
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Yamauchi 163shown in Fig. 12. It wa
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Yamauchi 165These fine particles we
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168Nitrobenzene Hydrogenationfurthe
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170Nitrobenzene Hydrogenationhydrog
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172Nitrobenzene HydrogenationThe co
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174Nitrobenzene HydrogenationHence
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176Nitrobenzene Hydrogenation10. G.
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178 Hydrogenation of Dehydrolinaloo
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188Modeling Mass Transfer Hydrogena
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198 Fructose HydrogenationHOHCCH 2O
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200 Fructose HydrogenationTable 1.
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202 Fructose Hydrogenationmmol form
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204 Fructose Hydrogenationthe subst
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206 Fructose Hydrogenationcleave th
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208 Fructose Hydrogenationfulfills
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210 Fructose Hydrogenationis not th
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Disselkamp et al. 21324. Cavitating
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Disselkamp et al. 215column. In a p
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Disselkamp et al. 217selectivity es
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Disselkamp et al. 219hydrogenated (
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Disselkamp et al. 221A somewhat mor
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Disselkamp et al. 223Scheme 4.cis-2
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Disselkamp et al. 225conventional c
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Ostgard et al. 22725. The Treatment
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Ostgard et al. 229Table 1. The reac
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Ostgard et al. 231metal atoms. Thes
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Ostgard et al. 233In conclusion, th
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Kuusisto, Mikkola and Salmi 23526.
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Kuusisto, Mikkola and Salmi 237100A
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Kuusisto, Mikkola and Salmi 2399. B
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242 1-Phenyl-1-Propyneof cis-β-met
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244 1-Phenyl-1-Propynealkene. When
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Musolino, Apa, Donato and Pietropao
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Gőbölös and Margitfalvi 25329. R
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Gőbölös and Margitfalvi 255maxim
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Gőbölös and Margitfalvi 257Y=421
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Rothenberg et al. 26130. How to Fin
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Rothenberg et al. 263By dividing th
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Rothenberg et al. 265pre-define the
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Rothenberg et al. 267Table 1. Parti
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Rothenberg et al. 269Experimental S
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Angueira and White 27131. Novel Chl
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Angueira and White 273optimizedgeom
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Angueira and White 275F igure 4 - c
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Angueira and White 277Table 1. 27 A
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Angueira and White 279obtained from
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Cao, White, Wang and Frye 28933. Se
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Cao, White, Wang and Frye 291Experi
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294Chiral Ferrocene Ligandsnew Twin
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296Chiral Ferrocene LigandsTable 1.
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298Chiral Ferrocene Ligandsprevents
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300Chiral Ferrocene LigandsConclusi
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302Chiral Ferrocene Ligandsextracte
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304 Catalyst Library DesignIn gas p
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306 Catalyst Library Designd−(b 0
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308 Catalyst Library DesignBasic Pr
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310 Catalyst Library DesignD in com
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312 Catalyst Library DesignCatalyst
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314 Catalyst Library Design27. S. H
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316 Dendrimer TemplatesWe are devel
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318 Dendrimer TemplatesThe differen
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320 Dendrimer TemplatesWe encounter
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322 Dendrimer TemplatesThe 100 cm -
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328Rearrangement of 3,4-Epoxy-1-But
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3382,5-Dimethyl-2,4-Hexadieneharves
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3422,5-Dimethyl-2,4-Hexadiene10086Y
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348Heteropoly AcidsSOOO O+ +OS1 2 3
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350Heteropoly AcidsTable 3. Acylati
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352Heteropoly AcidsSiO 2 is the bes
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Diez, Di Cosimo and Apesteguia 357T
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Diez, Di Cosimo and Apesteguia 359A
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378 Polyurethane from Natural OilMe
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380 Polyurethane from Natural Oilco
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382 Polyurethane from Natural Oilfr
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384 Polyurethane from Natural OilTh
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386 Carbonylation of Chloropinacolo
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396 Recycling Homogeneous Catalysts
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406“Green” Catalysts for Biodie
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416 Production of BiodieselTable 1.
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418 Production of Biodieselto a mas
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420 Production of BiodieselEthyl st
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422 Production of Biodiesel10080Sel
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424 Production of Biodieselproduct
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Marincean et al. 42747. Glycerol Hy
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Marincean et al. 429Experimental Se
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Marincean et al. 431neutralize all
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Marincean et al. 433suggesting that
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Marincean et al. 435increasing from
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Kocal 43748. Developing Sustainable
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Kocal 439description of the four st
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Kocal 441metallurgy in parts of the
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Kocal 443that capital investment co
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Kocal 4455. J.J. Siirola, An Indust
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448Propylene Oxidation to POSupercr
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450Propylene Oxidation to POTable 1
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452Propylene Oxidation to PO
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Riermeier et al. 45550. catASium ®
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Riermeier et al. 457It is interesti
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Riermeier et al. 459Reaction of the
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Riermeier et al. 461References1. I.
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464 Chiral 2-Amino-1-Phenylethanolp
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466 Chiral 2-Amino-1-PhenylethanolI
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468 Chiral 2-Amino-1-Phenylethanola
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470 t-Butanol DehydrationResults an
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472 t-Butanol Dehydrationcomprises
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Pohlmann et al 47553. Leaching Resi
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Pohlmann et al 477this study. In th
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Pohlmann et al 479Experimental Sect
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482 Reductive AlkylationSince the p
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484 Reductive AlkylationTable 2. Re
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Wolf, Seebald and Tacke 48755. Acce
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Wolf, Seebald and Tacke 489100Norma
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Wolf, Seebald and Tacke 4911,88Figu
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Woods et al. 49356. Transition Meta
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Woods et al. 495Effect of oxidation
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Woods et al. 497
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Woods et al. 499removed the samples
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502 Electroreductive Catalytic Ullm
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504 Electroreductive Catalytic Ullm
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Catalysis of Organic Reactions 507A
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Catalysis of Organic Reactions 509K
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Catalysis of Organic Reactions 511T
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514 Keyword Indexcarboncarbon dioxi
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516 Keyword Indexethanolamine 16 13
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518 Keyword IndexNi, activated 25 2
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520 Keyword Indexsuccinimido ketone
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