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Wolf, Seebald and Tacke 489100Normalized performace value0Activity(1)Selectivity(1)Activity(2)Selectivity(2)Activity(3)Selectivity(3)Activity(4)Selectivity(4)a)100Catalyst 1Catalyst 2Catalyst 3Normalized performace value0High degree of profilesimilarityLow degree of profilesimilarityActivity(1)Selectivity(1)Activity(2)Selectivity(2)Activity(3)Selectivity(3)Activity(4)Selectivity(4)b)Figure 1: Illustration of the concept for catalyst profiling based on a set of sensitivetest reactions:a) Determination of particular performance data for an individual catalyst (Activityand selectivity values in different test reactions)b) Visualization of performance profiles from the particular performance values asfingerprints for individual catalysts as a basis of similarity analysisCatalysts which are expected to be highly selective in the hydrogenation of hydroxyolefinshould reveal high activity in C=C-double bond hydrogenation but lowactivity in hydrogenolysis. Accordingly, a hypothetical performance profile can bedrawn which reflects an ideal catalyst revealing highest activity in C=C-double bondhydrogenation and zero activity in the hydrogenolysis as shown in Figure 3. Now,the profiles of the real catalysts shown in Fig. 2 can be compared with the hypotheticalideal profile based on statistical similarity analysis. Those Pd catalystsshowing most similar profiles with respect to the hypothetical profile should be thepreferable catalysts for selective hydrogenation of the hydroxy-olefin.
490Profiling of Catalytic PerformanceDEG-Cat1 E1002NN/ W 5%DEG-Cat E101N/ 2 W 5%DEG-Cat E101O/ 3 W 5%DEG-Cat E101R/ W 45%10,501E105B/ W 5%E105NN/ W 5%E105U/ W 5%E105YB/ W 5%DEG-Cat 5 DEG-Cat 6 DEG-Cat 7 DEG-Cat 80,501E106NN/ W 5%E107EXP/ W 5%_P1/ 3466E107EXP/ W 5%_P1/ 3467E109NN/ W 5%DEG-Cat9 DEG-Cat 10 DEG-Cat 11 DEG-Cat 120,5Figure 2.Selected performanceprofiles focussing oncatalyst activity inC=C-double bondhydrogenation andhydrogenolysis forvarious Pd/C catalysts010,50(1) Cinnamic acid hydrogenation:Activity of hydrogen conversion atreaction time t = 034895%_P1/ 3490E1525EXP/ W 5%_P1/ DEG-Cat13 E1525EXP/ W DEG-Cat 14 E_Heraeus_K-0201"S"_5%DEG-Cat 15 E_Heraeus_K-0203_5%DEG-Cat 16Activity –Cinnamic acid(2) Dibenzylether hydrogenation:( t= 0)Activity of hydrogen conversion atreaction time t = 0Activity -Dibenzylether(3) Dibenzylether ( t= 0)hydrogenation:Activity of hydrogen conversion atreaction time t = 80 minActivity -Dibenzylether( t= 80)(1) Cinnamic acid hydrogenation:Activity of hydrogen conversion atreaction time t = 0Activity –Cinnamic acid(2) Dibenzylether ( t= 0)hydrogenation:Activity of hydrogen conversion atreaction time t = 0Activity -Dibenzylether(3) Dibenzylether ( t= 0)hydrogenation:Activity of hydrogen conversion atreaction Activity time -Dibenzylethert = 80 min(1) Cinnamic ( acid t= 80)hydrogenation:Activity of hydrogen conversion atreaction time t = 0Activity –Cinnamic acid(2) Dibenzylether hydrogenation:( t= 0)Activity of hydrogen conversion atreaction time t = 0Activity -Dibenzylether(3) Dibenzylether ( t= 0)hydrogenation:Activity of hydrogen conversion atreaction time t = 80 minActivity -Dibenzylether( t= 80)(1) Cinnamic acid hydrogenation:Activity of hydrogen conversion atreaction time t = 0Activity –Cinnamic acid(2) Dibenzylether ( t= 0)hydrogenation:Activity of hydrogen conversion atreaction Activity time -Dibenzylethert = 0( t= 0)(3) Dibenzylether hydrogenation:Activity of hydrogen conversion atreaction Activity time -Dibenzylethert = 80 min( t= 80)1,0Ideal profilFigure 3.Hypothetical idealperformance profilefor selectivehydrogenation ofhydroxyl-olefin tohydroxyl-alkane0,50(1) Cinnamic acid hydrogenation:Activity Activity of hydrogen –Cinnamic conversion acidat( reaction t= 0)time t = 0(2) Dibenzylether hydrogenation:Activity -DibenzyletherActivity of hydrogen conversion at( reaction t= 0)time t = 0(3) Dibenzylether hydrogenation:Activity -DibenzyletherActivity of hydrogen conversion at( reaction t= 80)time t = 80 minThe statistical similarity analysis was performed based on determination of Euclideandistance between hypothetical and catalyst profile according to the followingformula:similarity =∑( real perfomance value − ideal performance value)i2( ideal performance value)Since relative distances are considered in this formula, small positive deviationsfrom zero-activity for the hydrogenolysis have strong impact on the similarity value.Figure 4 indicates the ranking of similarity of the 16 Pd catalysts with respect to thehypothetical ideal profile shown in Figure 3. Accordingly, catalyst DEG-3 appears tobe the preferable catalyst for the selective hydrogenation of hydroxy-olefin. DEG-16,DEG-14 and DEG-12 are also expected to give high yield of the saturated alcohol.i2
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Catalysis ofOrganic Reactions
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14. Catalyst Manufacture: Laborator
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62. Catalysis of Organic Reactions,
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108. Metal Oxides: Chemistry and Ap
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CRC PressTaylor & Francis Group6000
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xiii14. The Transformation of Light
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xviien Catalisis y Petroquimica (UN
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xix56. Transition Metal Removal fro
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xxiiiChronology of Organic Reaction
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To Zsuzsanna and Tim
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Jones et al. 31. On the Use of Immo
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Jones et al. 5three-phase tests in
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Jones et al. 7In the HKR of rac-epi
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Jones et al. 9term performance char
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Jones et al. 115. A. S. Gruber, D.
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Moses et al. 132. Supported Re Cata
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Moses et al. 15perrhenate, followed
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Moses et al. 17SnCOSnMe 4≡SiOReO
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Moses et al. 19(AlOSi) of the cube.
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Moses et al. 212.510 3 k obs / s -1
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Wang et al. 233. Catalytic Hydrogen
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Wang et al. 25The rate expressions
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Wang et al. 27Schiff’s base forma
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Wang et al. 29AcknowledgementsWe gr
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32Halophosphite LigandsIn 1970, Pru
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34Halophosphite LigandsThe ligands,
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36Halophosphite LigandsTable 2 Temp
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38Halophosphite Ligands3. P. W. N.
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40Monolithic Bioreactorstrength for
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42Monolithic BioreactorMenten equat
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Gőbölös et al. 456. Highly Selec
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Gőbölös et al. 47was practically
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Gőbölös et al. 49noteworthy that
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Gőbölös et al. 51Figure 2 NMR sp
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Gőbölös et al. 53internal TMS in
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56Hydrotalcite-like Catalysts[A n-
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58Hydrotalcite-like Catalystssample
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Mantilla, Tzompantzi, Torres and G
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68Synthesis of MIBKwe examined the
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70Synthesis of MIBK1412Conversion (
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72Synthesis of MIBK4,4’-dimethyl
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74Synthesis of MIBKobtained for MIB
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Ardizzi et al. 7710. The Control of
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Ardizzi et al. 79type acidity at th
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Ardizzi et al. 81procedure describe
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84Phenol Benzoylationconsecutive Fr
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86Phenol BenzoylationThis does not
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92Oxidation with Microchannel Immob
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100 Propylene Partial OxidationThe
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102 Propylene Partial OxidationSiO
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104 Propylene Partial Oxidation0.01
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106 Propylene Partial Oxidation0.02
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108 Propylene Partial OxidationRefe
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110Oxidation of n-Pentanemethacryli
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112Oxidation of n-PentaneFReqox1ox2
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114Oxidation of n-Pentanethe presen
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116Oxidation of n-PentaneIn the mec
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118Oxidation of n-PentaneReferences
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120TEMPO Oxidation of Alcoholsthe u
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122TEMPO Oxidation of AlcoholsThe r
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124TEMPO Oxidation of Alcoholsany d
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126TEMPO Oxidation of Alcoholsconce
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128TEMPO Oxidation of AlcoholsMNT :
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130TEMPO Oxidation of Alcoholsuptak
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132Aminoalcohols to Aminocarboxylic
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142Bromine-Free TEMPO-Based Catalys
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148CO OxidationP25 TiO 2 , respecti
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150CO Oxidation0.02(a)21802110(b)21
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152CO Oxidationcarboxylate species
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Yamauchi 15519. 2006 Murray Raney A
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Yamauchi 157transformation is schem
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Yamauchi 159The X-ray diffraction p
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Yamauchi 161was -0.0009, -0.0032 an
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Yamauchi 163shown in Fig. 12. It wa
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Yamauchi 165These fine particles we
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168Nitrobenzene Hydrogenationfurthe
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170Nitrobenzene Hydrogenationhydrog
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172Nitrobenzene HydrogenationThe co
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174Nitrobenzene HydrogenationHence
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176Nitrobenzene Hydrogenation10. G.
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178 Hydrogenation of Dehydrolinaloo
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188Modeling Mass Transfer Hydrogena
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198 Fructose HydrogenationHOHCCH 2O
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200 Fructose HydrogenationTable 1.
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202 Fructose Hydrogenationmmol form
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204 Fructose Hydrogenationthe subst
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206 Fructose Hydrogenationcleave th
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208 Fructose Hydrogenationfulfills
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210 Fructose Hydrogenationis not th
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Disselkamp et al. 21324. Cavitating
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Disselkamp et al. 215column. In a p
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Disselkamp et al. 217selectivity es
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Disselkamp et al. 219hydrogenated (
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Disselkamp et al. 223Scheme 4.cis-2
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Disselkamp et al. 225conventional c
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Ostgard et al. 22725. The Treatment
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Ostgard et al. 229Table 1. The reac
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Ostgard et al. 231metal atoms. Thes
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Ostgard et al. 233In conclusion, th
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Kuusisto, Mikkola and Salmi 23526.
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Kuusisto, Mikkola and Salmi 237100A
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Kuusisto, Mikkola and Salmi 2399. B
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242 1-Phenyl-1-Propyneof cis-β-met
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244 1-Phenyl-1-Propynealkene. When
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Musolino, Apa, Donato and Pietropao
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Gőbölös and Margitfalvi 25329. R
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Gőbölös and Margitfalvi 255maxim
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Gőbölös and Margitfalvi 257Y=421
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Rothenberg et al. 26130. How to Fin
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Rothenberg et al. 263By dividing th
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Rothenberg et al. 265pre-define the
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Rothenberg et al. 267Table 1. Parti
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Rothenberg et al. 269Experimental S
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Angueira and White 27131. Novel Chl
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Angueira and White 273optimizedgeom
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Angueira and White 275F igure 4 - c
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Angueira and White 277Table 1. 27 A
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Angueira and White 279obtained from
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Robitaille, Clément, Chapuzet and
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Cao, White, Wang and Frye 28933. Se
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Cao, White, Wang and Frye 291Experi
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294Chiral Ferrocene Ligandsnew Twin
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296Chiral Ferrocene LigandsTable 1.
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298Chiral Ferrocene Ligandsprevents
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300Chiral Ferrocene LigandsConclusi
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302Chiral Ferrocene Ligandsextracte
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304 Catalyst Library DesignIn gas p
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306 Catalyst Library Designd−(b 0
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308 Catalyst Library DesignBasic Pr
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310 Catalyst Library DesignD in com
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312 Catalyst Library DesignCatalyst
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314 Catalyst Library Design27. S. H
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316 Dendrimer TemplatesWe are devel
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318 Dendrimer TemplatesThe differen
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320 Dendrimer TemplatesWe encounter
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322 Dendrimer TemplatesThe 100 cm -
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328Rearrangement of 3,4-Epoxy-1-But
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3382,5-Dimethyl-2,4-Hexadieneharves
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3402,5-Dimethyl-2,4-Hexadienestabil
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3422,5-Dimethyl-2,4-Hexadiene10086Y
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3442,5-Dimethyl-2,4-Hexadienereacti
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3462,5-Dimethyl-2,4-Hexadiene8. www
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348Heteropoly AcidsSOOO O+ +OS1 2 3
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350Heteropoly AcidsTable 3. Acylati
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352Heteropoly AcidsSiO 2 is the bes
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Diez, Di Cosimo and Apesteguia 3554
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Diez, Di Cosimo and Apesteguia 357T
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Diez, Di Cosimo and Apesteguia 359A
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378 Polyurethane from Natural OilMe
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380 Polyurethane from Natural Oilco
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382 Polyurethane from Natural Oilfr
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384 Polyurethane from Natural OilTh
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386 Carbonylation of Chloropinacolo
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396 Recycling Homogeneous Catalysts
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406“Green” Catalysts for Biodie
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416 Production of BiodieselTable 1.
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418 Production of Biodieselto a mas
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420 Production of BiodieselEthyl st
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422 Production of Biodiesel10080Sel
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424 Production of Biodieselproduct
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Marincean et al. 42747. Glycerol Hy
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Marincean et al. 429Experimental Se
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Marincean et al. 431neutralize all
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Marincean et al. 433suggesting that
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Marincean et al. 435increasing from
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Kocal 43748. Developing Sustainable
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Page 475 and 476: 448Propylene Oxidation to POSupercr
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Page 479 and 480: 452Propylene Oxidation to PO
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Page 484 and 485: Riermeier et al. 457It is interesti
Page 486 and 487: Riermeier et al. 459Reaction of the
Page 488: Riermeier et al. 461References1. I.
Page 491 and 492: 464 Chiral 2-Amino-1-Phenylethanolp
Page 493 and 494: 466 Chiral 2-Amino-1-PhenylethanolI
Page 495 and 496: 468 Chiral 2-Amino-1-Phenylethanola
Page 497 and 498: 470 t-Butanol DehydrationResults an
Page 499 and 500: 472 t-Butanol Dehydrationcomprises
Page 502 and 503: Pohlmann et al 47553. Leaching Resi
Page 504 and 505: Pohlmann et al 477this study. In th
Page 506: Pohlmann et al 479Experimental Sect
Page 509 and 510: 482 Reductive AlkylationSince the p
Page 511 and 512: 484 Reductive AlkylationTable 2. Re
Page 514 and 515: Wolf, Seebald and Tacke 48755. Acce
Page 518 and 519: Wolf, Seebald and Tacke 4911,88Figu
Page 520 and 521: Woods et al. 49356. Transition Meta
Page 522 and 523: Woods et al. 495Effect of oxidation
Page 524 and 525: Woods et al. 497
Page 526: Woods et al. 499removed the samples
Page 529 and 530: 502 Electroreductive Catalytic Ullm
Page 531 and 532: 504 Electroreductive Catalytic Ullm
Page 534 and 535: Catalysis of Organic Reactions 507A
Page 536 and 537: Catalysis of Organic Reactions 509K
Page 538: Catalysis of Organic Reactions 511T
Page 541 and 542: 514 Keyword Indexcarboncarbon dioxi
Page 543 and 544: 516 Keyword Indexethanolamine 16 13
Page 545 and 546: 518 Keyword IndexNi, activated 25 2
Page 547: 520 Keyword Indexsuccinimido ketone
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