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Knifton and Sanderson 471141414141310131010111015151515Figure 1. Reactive distillation unit design.Experimental SectionThe tertiary-butanol dehydration experiments described herein were conducted ina pilot unit reactive distillation unit of the type shown in Figure 1. The unit
472 t-Butanol Dehydrationcomprises a reactive distillation column, 10, containing a bed of solid acid catalyst,an upper distillation section, 14, containing a distillation packing (e.g. Goodloepacking) and a lower distillation section, 13, also containing distillation packing.The tertiary-butanol feedstock is charged to the middle of the bed 10 through a feedline, 11.The more volatile isobutylene product component flows upward through the upperdistillation section 10 to a reflux splitter, 13, and then to a reflux condenser, 14,where it is cooled by room temperature water and withdrawn via line 14. Reflux isrecirculated within the splitter 13 by a reflux line.Table 1. Tertiary–butanol dehydration to isobutyleneEx.Feed12345CatalystReboiler Temp. (C)Column Temp. (C)Reflux Temp. (C)Reactor Pressure (kPa) (f )Feed Rate (g/hr)Beta-zeolite (a)11064-995080Beta-zeolite (a)9972-975160Beta-zeolite (b )9267-834660HF/Montmorillonite clay (c )12750-105(e)140HF/Beta-zeolite (d )11287-96(e )80100145103100100Overhead Bottoms Overhead Bottoms Overhead Bottoms Overhead Bottoms Overhead BottomsWater 1.4 0.1 97.2 77.8 56.8 0.2 96.5 1.3 95.3Methanol 0.4 0.5 0.04 0.1 0.5Isobutylene 94.4 93.3 76.9 0.2 80.7 59.9Acetone 1.4 1.6 1.7 0.9 10.7Isopropanol 0.3 0.04 0.5 8.4 0.9tBA 94.9 0.2 3.2 18.7 6.1 40 0.3 12.7 0.7MTBE 0.05 2.2 1.3 0.2 6.3 0.2 5.1 1.9 10.3 1.8Methyl ethyl ketone 0.2 0.05 1.1 0.2Diisobutylene 0.06 0.2 0.6 0.08 0.9 0.3 0.5 12.4 0.7 1.2 1.2Unknowns 1.4 0.9 2 0.3 0.7 1.9 1.2 0.6 0.6 3.4 1tBA Conversion (%)Isobutylene Sel. (mole%)>9994.595.6 89.1(e ) 91.788.567.2(e )64.9(a ) From PQ Corp., 1/16 ins diameter extrudates(b ) From UOP, 1/16 ins diameter extrudates(c ) 0.6% HF on montmorillonite clay(d ) 5.7% HF treated Beta zeolite(e ) Not determined(f ) Reactor pressure above atmospheric (101 kPa)The higher boiling aqueous product fraction flows downwards through the lowerdistillation section, 10, to a reboiler, 15, where it is heated by an electrical heater. Aportion of this higher-boiling aqueous product is withdrawn via an exit line, 15, asshown, and the remainder of the aqueous distillation reaction product is returned tothe reactive distillation column, 10, by a reboiler return line.The Beta-zeolite catalyst samples were purchased from PQ Corporation and fromUOP. The HF-treated β-zeolite and montmorillonite clay samples were prepared asdescribed previously (9,12).References1. P. M. Morse, C&E News , 26 (April 12 1999).2. C&E News, 9 (November 8 1999).
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Catalysis ofOrganic Reactions
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14. Catalyst Manufacture: Laborator
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62. Catalysis of Organic Reactions,
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108. Metal Oxides: Chemistry and Ap
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CRC PressTaylor & Francis Group6000
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xiii14. The Transformation of Light
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xviien Catalisis y Petroquimica (UN
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xix56. Transition Metal Removal fro
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xxiiiChronology of Organic Reaction
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To Zsuzsanna and Tim
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Jones et al. 31. On the Use of Immo
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Jones et al. 5three-phase tests in
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Jones et al. 7In the HKR of rac-epi
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Jones et al. 9term performance char
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Jones et al. 115. A. S. Gruber, D.
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Moses et al. 132. Supported Re Cata
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Moses et al. 15perrhenate, followed
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Moses et al. 17SnCOSnMe 4≡SiOReO
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Moses et al. 19(AlOSi) of the cube.
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Moses et al. 212.510 3 k obs / s -1
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Wang et al. 233. Catalytic Hydrogen
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Wang et al. 25The rate expressions
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Wang et al. 27Schiff’s base forma
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32Halophosphite LigandsIn 1970, Pru
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34Halophosphite LigandsThe ligands,
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36Halophosphite LigandsTable 2 Temp
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38Halophosphite Ligands3. P. W. N.
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40Monolithic Bioreactorstrength for
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42Monolithic BioreactorMenten equat
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Gőbölös et al. 456. Highly Selec
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Gőbölös et al. 47was practically
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Gőbölös et al. 49noteworthy that
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Gőbölös et al. 51Figure 2 NMR sp
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Gőbölös et al. 53internal TMS in
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56Hydrotalcite-like Catalysts[A n-
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58Hydrotalcite-like Catalystssample
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Mantilla, Tzompantzi, Torres and G
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68Synthesis of MIBKwe examined the
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70Synthesis of MIBK1412Conversion (
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72Synthesis of MIBK4,4’-dimethyl
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74Synthesis of MIBKobtained for MIB
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Ardizzi et al. 7710. The Control of
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Ardizzi et al. 79type acidity at th
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Ardizzi et al. 81procedure describe
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84Phenol Benzoylationconsecutive Fr
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86Phenol BenzoylationThis does not
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II. Symposium on Catalytic Oxidatio
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92Oxidation with Microchannel Immob
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100 Propylene Partial OxidationThe
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102 Propylene Partial OxidationSiO
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104 Propylene Partial Oxidation0.01
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106 Propylene Partial Oxidation0.02
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108 Propylene Partial OxidationRefe
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110Oxidation of n-Pentanemethacryli
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112Oxidation of n-PentaneFReqox1ox2
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114Oxidation of n-Pentanethe presen
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116Oxidation of n-PentaneIn the mec
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118Oxidation of n-PentaneReferences
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120TEMPO Oxidation of Alcoholsthe u
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122TEMPO Oxidation of AlcoholsThe r
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124TEMPO Oxidation of Alcoholsany d
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126TEMPO Oxidation of Alcoholsconce
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128TEMPO Oxidation of AlcoholsMNT :
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130TEMPO Oxidation of Alcoholsuptak
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132Aminoalcohols to Aminocarboxylic
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142Bromine-Free TEMPO-Based Catalys
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148CO OxidationP25 TiO 2 , respecti
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150CO Oxidation0.02(a)21802110(b)21
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152CO Oxidationcarboxylate species
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Yamauchi 15519. 2006 Murray Raney A
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Yamauchi 157transformation is schem
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Yamauchi 159The X-ray diffraction p
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Yamauchi 161was -0.0009, -0.0032 an
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Yamauchi 163shown in Fig. 12. It wa
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168Nitrobenzene Hydrogenationfurthe
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170Nitrobenzene Hydrogenationhydrog
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172Nitrobenzene HydrogenationThe co
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174Nitrobenzene HydrogenationHence
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176Nitrobenzene Hydrogenation10. G.
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178 Hydrogenation of Dehydrolinaloo
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188Modeling Mass Transfer Hydrogena
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198 Fructose HydrogenationHOHCCH 2O
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200 Fructose HydrogenationTable 1.
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202 Fructose Hydrogenationmmol form
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204 Fructose Hydrogenationthe subst
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206 Fructose Hydrogenationcleave th
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208 Fructose Hydrogenationfulfills
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210 Fructose Hydrogenationis not th
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Disselkamp et al. 21324. Cavitating
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Disselkamp et al. 215column. In a p
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Disselkamp et al. 217selectivity es
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Disselkamp et al. 219hydrogenated (
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Disselkamp et al. 223Scheme 4.cis-2
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Disselkamp et al. 225conventional c
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Ostgard et al. 22725. The Treatment
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Ostgard et al. 229Table 1. The reac
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Ostgard et al. 231metal atoms. Thes
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Ostgard et al. 233In conclusion, th
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Kuusisto, Mikkola and Salmi 23526.
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Kuusisto, Mikkola and Salmi 237100A
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242 1-Phenyl-1-Propyneof cis-β-met
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244 1-Phenyl-1-Propynealkene. When
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Musolino, Apa, Donato and Pietropao
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Gőbölös and Margitfalvi 25329. R
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Gőbölös and Margitfalvi 255maxim
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Rothenberg et al. 26130. How to Fin
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Rothenberg et al. 265pre-define the
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Rothenberg et al. 267Table 1. Parti
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Rothenberg et al. 269Experimental S
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Angueira and White 27131. Novel Chl
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Angueira and White 273optimizedgeom
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Angueira and White 275F igure 4 - c
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Angueira and White 277Table 1. 27 A
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Angueira and White 279obtained from
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Cao, White, Wang and Frye 28933. Se
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Cao, White, Wang and Frye 291Experi
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294Chiral Ferrocene Ligandsnew Twin
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296Chiral Ferrocene LigandsTable 1.
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298Chiral Ferrocene Ligandsprevents
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300Chiral Ferrocene LigandsConclusi
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302Chiral Ferrocene Ligandsextracte
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304 Catalyst Library DesignIn gas p
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306 Catalyst Library Designd−(b 0
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308 Catalyst Library DesignBasic Pr
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310 Catalyst Library DesignD in com
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312 Catalyst Library DesignCatalyst
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314 Catalyst Library Design27. S. H
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316 Dendrimer TemplatesWe are devel
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318 Dendrimer TemplatesThe differen
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320 Dendrimer TemplatesWe encounter
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322 Dendrimer TemplatesThe 100 cm -
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328Rearrangement of 3,4-Epoxy-1-But
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3382,5-Dimethyl-2,4-Hexadieneharves
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348Heteropoly AcidsSOOO O+ +OS1 2 3
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350Heteropoly AcidsTable 3. Acylati
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352Heteropoly AcidsSiO 2 is the bes
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378 Polyurethane from Natural OilMe
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380 Polyurethane from Natural Oilco
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382 Polyurethane from Natural Oilfr
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384 Polyurethane from Natural OilTh
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386 Carbonylation of Chloropinacolo
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396 Recycling Homogeneous Catalysts
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406“Green” Catalysts for Biodie
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416 Production of BiodieselTable 1.
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418 Production of Biodieselto a mas
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Page 455 and 456: Marincean et al. 429Experimental Se
Page 457 and 458: Marincean et al. 431neutralize all
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Page 466 and 467: Kocal 439description of the four st
Page 468 and 469: Kocal 441metallurgy in parts of the
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Page 475 and 476: 448Propylene Oxidation to POSupercr
Page 477 and 478: 450Propylene Oxidation to POTable 1
Page 479 and 480: 452Propylene Oxidation to PO
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Page 484 and 485: Riermeier et al. 457It is interesti
Page 486 and 487: Riermeier et al. 459Reaction of the
Page 488: Riermeier et al. 461References1. I.
Page 491 and 492: 464 Chiral 2-Amino-1-Phenylethanolp
Page 493 and 494: 466 Chiral 2-Amino-1-PhenylethanolI
Page 495 and 496: 468 Chiral 2-Amino-1-Phenylethanola
Page 497: 470 t-Butanol DehydrationResults an
Page 502 and 503: Pohlmann et al 47553. Leaching Resi
Page 504 and 505: Pohlmann et al 477this study. In th
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Page 509 and 510: 482 Reductive AlkylationSince the p
Page 511 and 512: 484 Reductive AlkylationTable 2. Re
Page 514 and 515: Wolf, Seebald and Tacke 48755. Acce
Page 516 and 517: Wolf, Seebald and Tacke 489100Norma
Page 518 and 519: Wolf, Seebald and Tacke 4911,88Figu
Page 520 and 521: Woods et al. 49356. Transition Meta
Page 522 and 523: Woods et al. 495Effect of oxidation
Page 524 and 525: Woods et al. 497
Page 526: Woods et al. 499removed the samples
Page 529 and 530: 502 Electroreductive Catalytic Ullm
Page 531 and 532: 504 Electroreductive Catalytic Ullm
Page 534 and 535: Catalysis of Organic Reactions 507A
Page 536 and 537: Catalysis of Organic Reactions 509K
Page 538: Catalysis of Organic Reactions 511T
Page 541 and 542: 514 Keyword Indexcarboncarbon dioxi
Page 543 and 544: 516 Keyword Indexethanolamine 16 13
Page 545 and 546: 518 Keyword IndexNi, activated 25 2
Page 547: 520 Keyword Indexsuccinimido ketone
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