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Snåre et al. 419was 15 μm and the majority of particles (97%) were below 50μm. Thecharacterization results as well as reaction conditions for the fresh and spent catalystare summarized in Tables 2 and 3, respectively.Table 2. Characterization results of the fresh catalyst: surface area (Dubinin),micropore volume, mean particle size and metal dispersionMetal loading Mean particle size Surface area Specific pore volume Dispersion(wt%) (μm)(m 2 /g) (ml/g) (%)5 15.01214 0.431 18Table 3. Characterization results of spent catalystsRun nr. Catalyst mass Temperature Pressure Surface area Specific pore volume(g) (˚C) (bar) (m 2 /g) (ml/g)I* 0.2 270 1 - -II 0.2 270 1 349 0.123III 0.4 270 1 302 0.107IV 0.6 270 1 280 0.100V** 0.6 270 1 - -VI*** 0.4 270 1 302 0.107VII 0.4 300 3 290 0.102VIII 0.4 330 5 287 0.102IX 0.4 360 7 305 0.110X 0.6 300 3 - -*non-pretreated**volumetric flow, V'=0.07 ml/min***repeated experiment of run III (characterization results obtained from run III)The deoxygenation reaction of ethyl stearate was carried out for 4-6 h atreaction temperatures between 270-360˚C and under reactor pressure of 0-7 bar. Theeffect of the catalyst pretreatment and the catalyst mass as well as the influence ofreaction temperature were studied. The observed products in the ethyl stearatereaction are the deoxygenation products (desired), intermediate product (fatty acid),hydrogenation products (unsaturated Et-SA) and by-products (Figure 3).Initially the effect of catalyst pretreatment by hydrogen was investigated(Figure 4). The pretreated catalyst converted 17 % of ethyl stearate (Et-SA) while thenon-pretreated catalyst converted 66% at reaction temperature 270˚C. The highinitial conversion over a non-pretreated catalyst was due to dehydrogenation of ethylstearate to monounsaturated fatty acid ethyl esters (unsaturated Et-SA) , such as ethyloleate, indicating that the deficit of hydrogen on the catalyst surface initially favorsthe dehydrogenation reaction rather than the desired deoxygenation routes.
420 Production of BiodieselEthyl stearate(C 20 H 40 O 2 )Deoxygenation products:Heptadecane (n-C 17 H 36 )ΣC17-products(olefin&isomers)Intermediate product:Fatty acidΣC17-products(olefin&isomers)Dehydrogenation products:Monounsaturated ethylstearatesBy-products:Cracking productsFigure 3. Reaction products detected during the deoxygenation of ethyl stearate.Conversion (%)706050403020Ethyl stearate (Et-SA)Ethyl stearate (Et-Ethyl stearate (Et-SA) + Et_SA isomers&olefinsEthyl stearate (Et-SA) + Et_SAReduced catalystReduced catalystNon-reduced catalystNon-reduced catalyst1000 60 120 180 240 300Time-on-stream (min)Figure 4. The effect of catalyst reduction in deoxygenation of ethyl stearate.Reaction conditions: 5 mol% ethyl stearate in hexadecane, T = 270 ˚C, p = 1 bar, m cat= 0.4 g and liquid flow rate (V’) = 0.1 ml/min.The dehydrogenation of ethyl stearate over the non-pretreated catalystsubsequently led to a rapid catalyst deactivation (from 66% to 16% of conversionwithin 1h of reaction) whereas the pretreated catalyst deactivated only slightly (17%
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Catalysis ofOrganic Reactions
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14. Catalyst Manufacture: Laborator
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62. Catalysis of Organic Reactions,
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108. Metal Oxides: Chemistry and Ap
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CRC PressTaylor & Francis Group6000
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xiii14. The Transformation of Light
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xviien Catalisis y Petroquimica (UN
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xix56. Transition Metal Removal fro
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xxiiiChronology of Organic Reaction
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To Zsuzsanna and Tim
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Jones et al. 31. On the Use of Immo
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Jones et al. 5three-phase tests in
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Jones et al. 7In the HKR of rac-epi
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Jones et al. 9term performance char
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Jones et al. 115. A. S. Gruber, D.
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Moses et al. 132. Supported Re Cata
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Moses et al. 15perrhenate, followed
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Moses et al. 17SnCOSnMe 4≡SiOReO
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Moses et al. 19(AlOSi) of the cube.
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Moses et al. 212.510 3 k obs / s -1
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Wang et al. 233. Catalytic Hydrogen
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Wang et al. 25The rate expressions
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32Halophosphite LigandsIn 1970, Pru
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34Halophosphite LigandsThe ligands,
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36Halophosphite LigandsTable 2 Temp
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38Halophosphite Ligands3. P. W. N.
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40Monolithic Bioreactorstrength for
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42Monolithic BioreactorMenten equat
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Gőbölös et al. 456. Highly Selec
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Gőbölös et al. 47was practically
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Gőbölös et al. 49noteworthy that
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Gőbölös et al. 51Figure 2 NMR sp
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56Hydrotalcite-like Catalysts[A n-
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58Hydrotalcite-like Catalystssample
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68Synthesis of MIBKwe examined the
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70Synthesis of MIBK1412Conversion (
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72Synthesis of MIBK4,4’-dimethyl
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74Synthesis of MIBKobtained for MIB
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Ardizzi et al. 7710. The Control of
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Ardizzi et al. 79type acidity at th
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Ardizzi et al. 81procedure describe
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84Phenol Benzoylationconsecutive Fr
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86Phenol BenzoylationThis does not
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92Oxidation with Microchannel Immob
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100 Propylene Partial OxidationThe
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102 Propylene Partial OxidationSiO
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104 Propylene Partial Oxidation0.01
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106 Propylene Partial Oxidation0.02
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108 Propylene Partial OxidationRefe
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110Oxidation of n-Pentanemethacryli
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112Oxidation of n-PentaneFReqox1ox2
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114Oxidation of n-Pentanethe presen
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116Oxidation of n-PentaneIn the mec
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118Oxidation of n-PentaneReferences
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120TEMPO Oxidation of Alcoholsthe u
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122TEMPO Oxidation of AlcoholsThe r
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124TEMPO Oxidation of Alcoholsany d
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126TEMPO Oxidation of Alcoholsconce
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128TEMPO Oxidation of AlcoholsMNT :
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130TEMPO Oxidation of Alcoholsuptak
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132Aminoalcohols to Aminocarboxylic
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142Bromine-Free TEMPO-Based Catalys
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148CO OxidationP25 TiO 2 , respecti
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150CO Oxidation0.02(a)21802110(b)21
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152CO Oxidationcarboxylate species
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Yamauchi 15519. 2006 Murray Raney A
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Yamauchi 157transformation is schem
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Yamauchi 159The X-ray diffraction p
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Yamauchi 161was -0.0009, -0.0032 an
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Yamauchi 163shown in Fig. 12. It wa
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168Nitrobenzene Hydrogenationfurthe
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170Nitrobenzene Hydrogenationhydrog
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172Nitrobenzene HydrogenationThe co
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174Nitrobenzene HydrogenationHence
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176Nitrobenzene Hydrogenation10. G.
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178 Hydrogenation of Dehydrolinaloo
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188Modeling Mass Transfer Hydrogena
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198 Fructose HydrogenationHOHCCH 2O
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200 Fructose HydrogenationTable 1.
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202 Fructose Hydrogenationmmol form
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204 Fructose Hydrogenationthe subst
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206 Fructose Hydrogenationcleave th
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208 Fructose Hydrogenationfulfills
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Ostgard et al. 231metal atoms. Thes
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Kuusisto, Mikkola and Salmi 23526.
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Kuusisto, Mikkola and Salmi 237100A
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242 1-Phenyl-1-Propyneof cis-β-met
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244 1-Phenyl-1-Propynealkene. When
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Angueira and White 275F igure 4 - c
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Angueira and White 277Table 1. 27 A
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Cao, White, Wang and Frye 28933. Se
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294Chiral Ferrocene Ligandsnew Twin
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296Chiral Ferrocene LigandsTable 1.
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298Chiral Ferrocene Ligandsprevents
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300Chiral Ferrocene LigandsConclusi
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302Chiral Ferrocene Ligandsextracte
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304 Catalyst Library DesignIn gas p
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306 Catalyst Library Designd−(b 0
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308 Catalyst Library DesignBasic Pr
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310 Catalyst Library DesignD in com
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312 Catalyst Library DesignCatalyst
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314 Catalyst Library Design27. S. H
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316 Dendrimer TemplatesWe are devel
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318 Dendrimer TemplatesThe differen
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320 Dendrimer TemplatesWe encounter
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322 Dendrimer TemplatesThe 100 cm -
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328Rearrangement of 3,4-Epoxy-1-But
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3382,5-Dimethyl-2,4-Hexadieneharves
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348Heteropoly AcidsSOOO O+ +OS1 2 3
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350Heteropoly AcidsTable 3. Acylati
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352Heteropoly AcidsSiO 2 is the bes
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Page 484 and 485: Riermeier et al. 457It is interesti
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Page 488: Riermeier et al. 461References1. I.
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470 t-Butanol DehydrationResults an
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472 t-Butanol Dehydrationcomprises
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482 Reductive AlkylationSince the p
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484 Reductive AlkylationTable 2. Re
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502 Electroreductive Catalytic Ullm
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504 Electroreductive Catalytic Ullm
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Catalysis of Organic Reactions 507A
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Catalysis of Organic Reactions 509K
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Catalysis of Organic Reactions 511T
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514 Keyword Indexcarboncarbon dioxi
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516 Keyword Indexethanolamine 16 13
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518 Keyword IndexNi, activated 25 2
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520 Keyword Indexsuccinimido ketone
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