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Auten, Crump, Singh and Chandler 319protocols (A low-ox , A red , and A high-ox ) are in Figure 2b. Extracted apparent activationenergies (E app ) from this data, found in Table 1, indicate a substantial change to thecatalyst upon high temperature reduction (vida infra).Table 1. Apparent activation energies (E app ) from Arrhenius plots.CatalystDesignationPretreatmentE app (kJ/mole)A high-ox 25% O 2 @ 300 °C for 6 hrs 3625% OA 2 @ 300 °C for 4 hrs +red25% H 2 @ 300 °C for 2 hrs75A low-ox1% CO + 25% O 2 @ 150 °C for 16 hrs.• activation & testing immediately after preparation32B low-ox1% CO + 25% O 2 @ 150 °C for 16 hrs.• activation & testing immediately after preparation31B low-ox+1mo.1% CO + 25% O 2 @ 150 °C for 16 hrs.• activation immediately after preparation, testing 1 32month laterB 1mo+low-ox1% CO + 25% O 2 @ 150 °C for 16 hrs.• activation & testing 1 month after preparation408.07.06.0A3.02.52.0B low oxBRate (1/ min)5.04.03.02.0B low oxA lowoxln (Rate)1.51.00.50.0B low ox, 1moA lowox1.0B low ox, 1moB 1mo., low ox0.020 40 60 80 100Temperature (°C)-0.5B 1mo., low ox-1.02.5 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.31000/KFigure 3. CO oxidation by batch B catalysts activated under CO + O 2 at 150 ºC. (A)rate vs. temperature plots and (B) Arrhenius plots.
320 Dendrimer TemplatesWe encountered substantial difficulties in reproducing the A low-ox activity dataover the course of several weeks using the original batch of catalyst. Subsequentactivations yielded catalysts with lower activities than the freshly prepared andactivated material.Although supported Au catalysts are notorious for their problems withreproducibility, these results were surprising, since our previous work with supportedPt catalysts prepared from DENs was highly reproducible among different membersof the group.To examine the peculiarities associated with the Au/TiO 2 catalysts activated atlower temperatures, a second batch (B) was prepared by a second research studentusing identical procedures as the first. Beyond evaluating the general reproducibilityof the preparation method, the goal of these experiments was to determine if it isnecessary to activate supported Au DENs immediately after catalyst preparation.Additionally, we hoped to begin investigating the cause of the apparent catalystdeactivation.Catalyst batch B was separated into three parts: B low-ox was activated and testedimmediately after preparation, BBlow-ox+1mo was activated immediately afterpreparation but activity tests were performed one month later, and B 1mo+low-ox wasactivated and tested one month after preparation. During the waiting period,catalysts were stored in foil wrapped containers under air in a desiccator. The datafor catalysts A low-ox and B low-ox in Figure 3 and Table 1 show that both the COoxidation rates and E app values were highly reproducible between batches, providedthat the catalysts are activated and tested soon after preparation. Catalyst B low-ox+1mowas a factor of two less active than the freshly prepared and activated B low-ox ; catalystB 1mo+low-oxBshowed similar decreases in activity.The changes in apparent activation energies for the various samples offer initialinsights into possible changes in catalytic active sites. The A low-ox and A high-oxcatalysts had similar E app values of approximately 34 kJ/mole, while the A red catalyst,which underwent a reduction treatment prior to activity measurements, had an E appthat was more than a factor of two larger at 75 kJ/mole (Table 1). In our previouswork with Pt catalysts prepared from DENs, lower E app values for CO oxidationgenerally correlated with cleaner surfaces.(3,7) For the Au/TiO 2 catalysts, however,the higher temperature reduction treatments also reduced the overall catalyst activity.The magnitude of the change in E app for the A red sample, which had been reduced at300 ºC, suggests that the deactivation observed for this sample is likely due tosintering. This catalyst also visibly changes color, consistent with an increase in Aunanoparticle size.The apparent activation energies for the unreduced samples are all very similar.The samples pretreated with low temperature oxidation in the presence of CO all
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Catalysis ofOrganic Reactions
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14. Catalyst Manufacture: Laborator
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62. Catalysis of Organic Reactions,
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108. Metal Oxides: Chemistry and Ap
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CRC PressTaylor & Francis Group6000
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xiii14. The Transformation of Light
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xviien Catalisis y Petroquimica (UN
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xix56. Transition Metal Removal fro
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xxiiiChronology of Organic Reaction
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To Zsuzsanna and Tim
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Jones et al. 31. On the Use of Immo
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Jones et al. 5three-phase tests in
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Jones et al. 7In the HKR of rac-epi
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Jones et al. 9term performance char
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Jones et al. 115. A. S. Gruber, D.
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Moses et al. 132. Supported Re Cata
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Moses et al. 15perrhenate, followed
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Moses et al. 17SnCOSnMe 4≡SiOReO
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Moses et al. 19(AlOSi) of the cube.
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Moses et al. 212.510 3 k obs / s -1
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Wang et al. 233. Catalytic Hydrogen
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Wang et al. 25The rate expressions
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Wang et al. 27Schiff’s base forma
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Wang et al. 29AcknowledgementsWe gr
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32Halophosphite LigandsIn 1970, Pru
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34Halophosphite LigandsThe ligands,
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36Halophosphite LigandsTable 2 Temp
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38Halophosphite Ligands3. P. W. N.
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40Monolithic Bioreactorstrength for
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42Monolithic BioreactorMenten equat
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Gőbölös et al. 456. Highly Selec
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Gőbölös et al. 47was practically
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Gőbölös et al. 49noteworthy that
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Gőbölös et al. 51Figure 2 NMR sp
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Gőbölös et al. 53internal TMS in
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56Hydrotalcite-like Catalysts[A n-
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58Hydrotalcite-like Catalystssample
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Mantilla, Tzompantzi, Torres and G
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68Synthesis of MIBKwe examined the
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70Synthesis of MIBK1412Conversion (
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72Synthesis of MIBK4,4’-dimethyl
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74Synthesis of MIBKobtained for MIB
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Ardizzi et al. 7710. The Control of
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Ardizzi et al. 79type acidity at th
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Ardizzi et al. 81procedure describe
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84Phenol Benzoylationconsecutive Fr
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86Phenol BenzoylationThis does not
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II. Symposium on Catalytic Oxidatio
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92Oxidation with Microchannel Immob
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100 Propylene Partial OxidationThe
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102 Propylene Partial OxidationSiO
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104 Propylene Partial Oxidation0.01
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106 Propylene Partial Oxidation0.02
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108 Propylene Partial OxidationRefe
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110Oxidation of n-Pentanemethacryli
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112Oxidation of n-PentaneFReqox1ox2
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114Oxidation of n-Pentanethe presen
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116Oxidation of n-PentaneIn the mec
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118Oxidation of n-PentaneReferences
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120TEMPO Oxidation of Alcoholsthe u
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122TEMPO Oxidation of AlcoholsThe r
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124TEMPO Oxidation of Alcoholsany d
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126TEMPO Oxidation of Alcoholsconce
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128TEMPO Oxidation of AlcoholsMNT :
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130TEMPO Oxidation of Alcoholsuptak
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132Aminoalcohols to Aminocarboxylic
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142Bromine-Free TEMPO-Based Catalys
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148CO OxidationP25 TiO 2 , respecti
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150CO Oxidation0.02(a)21802110(b)21
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152CO Oxidationcarboxylate species
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Yamauchi 15519. 2006 Murray Raney A
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Yamauchi 157transformation is schem
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Yamauchi 159The X-ray diffraction p
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Yamauchi 161was -0.0009, -0.0032 an
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Yamauchi 163shown in Fig. 12. It wa
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Yamauchi 165These fine particles we
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168Nitrobenzene Hydrogenationfurthe
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170Nitrobenzene Hydrogenationhydrog
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172Nitrobenzene HydrogenationThe co
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174Nitrobenzene HydrogenationHence
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176Nitrobenzene Hydrogenation10. G.
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178 Hydrogenation of Dehydrolinaloo
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188Modeling Mass Transfer Hydrogena
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198 Fructose HydrogenationHOHCCH 2O
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200 Fructose HydrogenationTable 1.
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202 Fructose Hydrogenationmmol form
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204 Fructose Hydrogenationthe subst
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206 Fructose Hydrogenationcleave th
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208 Fructose Hydrogenationfulfills
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210 Fructose Hydrogenationis not th
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Disselkamp et al. 21324. Cavitating
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Disselkamp et al. 215column. In a p
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Disselkamp et al. 217selectivity es
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Disselkamp et al. 219hydrogenated (
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Disselkamp et al. 221A somewhat mor
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Disselkamp et al. 223Scheme 4.cis-2
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Disselkamp et al. 225conventional c
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Ostgard et al. 22725. The Treatment
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Ostgard et al. 229Table 1. The reac
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Ostgard et al. 231metal atoms. Thes
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Ostgard et al. 233In conclusion, th
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Kuusisto, Mikkola and Salmi 23526.
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Kuusisto, Mikkola and Salmi 237100A
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Kuusisto, Mikkola and Salmi 2399. B
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242 1-Phenyl-1-Propyneof cis-β-met
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244 1-Phenyl-1-Propynealkene. When
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Musolino, Apa, Donato and Pietropao
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Gőbölös and Margitfalvi 25329. R
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Gőbölös and Margitfalvi 255maxim
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Gőbölös and Margitfalvi 257Y=421
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Rothenberg et al. 26130. How to Fin
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Rothenberg et al. 263By dividing th
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Rothenberg et al. 265pre-define the
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Rothenberg et al. 267Table 1. Parti
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Page 321 and 322: 294Chiral Ferrocene Ligandsnew Twin
Page 323 and 324: 296Chiral Ferrocene LigandsTable 1.
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Page 327 and 328: 300Chiral Ferrocene LigandsConclusi
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Page 331 and 332: 304 Catalyst Library DesignIn gas p
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Page 375 and 376: 348Heteropoly AcidsSOOO O+ +OS1 2 3
Page 377 and 378: 350Heteropoly AcidsTable 3. Acylati
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378 Polyurethane from Natural OilMe
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380 Polyurethane from Natural Oilco
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382 Polyurethane from Natural Oilfr
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384 Polyurethane from Natural OilTh
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386 Carbonylation of Chloropinacolo
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396 Recycling Homogeneous Catalysts
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406“Green” Catalysts for Biodie
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416 Production of BiodieselTable 1.
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418 Production of Biodieselto a mas
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420 Production of BiodieselEthyl st
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422 Production of Biodiesel10080Sel
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424 Production of Biodieselproduct
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Marincean et al. 42747. Glycerol Hy
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Marincean et al. 429Experimental Se
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Marincean et al. 431neutralize all
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Marincean et al. 433suggesting that
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Kocal 43748. Developing Sustainable
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Kocal 439description of the four st
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Kocal 441metallurgy in parts of the
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Kocal 443that capital investment co
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Kocal 4455. J.J. Siirola, An Indust
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448Propylene Oxidation to POSupercr
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450Propylene Oxidation to POTable 1
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452Propylene Oxidation to PO
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Riermeier et al. 45550. catASium ®
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Riermeier et al. 457It is interesti
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Riermeier et al. 459Reaction of the
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Riermeier et al. 461References1. I.
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464 Chiral 2-Amino-1-Phenylethanolp
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466 Chiral 2-Amino-1-PhenylethanolI
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468 Chiral 2-Amino-1-Phenylethanola
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470 t-Butanol DehydrationResults an
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472 t-Butanol Dehydrationcomprises
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Pohlmann et al 47553. Leaching Resi
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Pohlmann et al 477this study. In th
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Pohlmann et al 479Experimental Sect
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482 Reductive AlkylationSince the p
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484 Reductive AlkylationTable 2. Re
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Wolf, Seebald and Tacke 48755. Acce
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Wolf, Seebald and Tacke 489100Norma
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Wolf, Seebald and Tacke 4911,88Figu
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Woods et al. 49356. Transition Meta
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Woods et al. 495Effect of oxidation
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Woods et al. 497
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Woods et al. 499removed the samples
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502 Electroreductive Catalytic Ullm
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504 Electroreductive Catalytic Ullm
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Catalysis of Organic Reactions 507A
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Catalysis of Organic Reactions 509K
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Catalysis of Organic Reactions 511T
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514 Keyword Indexcarboncarbon dioxi
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516 Keyword Indexethanolamine 16 13
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518 Keyword IndexNi, activated 25 2
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520 Keyword Indexsuccinimido ketone
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