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Angueira and White 277Table 1. 27 Al-NMR chemical shifts in [n-BuMIM] + [Al n Cl 3n+1 ] - ; n = 1, 3/2, & 2n Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 31 103.43/2 102 .2 98.22 102.2 98.2Assignment [AlCl 4 ] - [ Al 2 Cl 7 ] - [AlCl l 4 ] -3 -AlCPredicted CS’s 72.4 69.8; 69.7 62.7; 60.0Apparently, the mole fraction of the species [Al 2 Cl 7 ] was governed by thestructure of the cation where the concentration of this anion was highest when thechain length of R was shortest (ethyl) and it was smallest when the chain length of Rwas longest (dodecyl). The rate constants could be correlated by a linear function ofthe mole fraction of the [Al 2 Cl 7 ] - , Figure 6. In the proposed mechanism, Scheme 1,the (RMIM) + structure determines the equilibrium distribution, K, between species I& II. HCl reacts with I to form a super acidic species (III), which combines withCO to give the formyl cation (IV). This formyl cation reacts with substrate to formtolualdehyde that is stabilized as an adduct with AlCl 3 in species V. The aldehydeproduct can be recovered upon addition of water to the system. Without wateraddition, the aldehyde adduct cannot be used again either 1) for lack of sufficientacidity, or 2) there is no other aluminum species to stabilize the aldehyde product.These data can be explained by the reaction mechanism, Scheme 1.-Table 2. Effect of cation structure upon themole fraction [Al 2 Cl 7 ] - and the observedtoluene carbonylation rate constant.Cation x[Al 2 Cl 7 ] - k, kmin -1+EMIM 0.812 4.67+BMIM 0.702 3.92+HMIM 0.599 2.98k[Al]o[H + ][CO], kmin -154.543.532.521.5y = 7.7336x - 1.5923OMIM + 0.512 2.34DoMIM + 0.377 1.3510.500 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1x, mole fraction of 102.2 peakFigure 6. Correlation of observedrate constants with x[Al 2 Cl 7 ] -
278 Acidic Ionic LiquidsClClClClClClAl+HClAl+COAlClAlClClClHClClHClCOIVClIClClClClClClAlKClClAlIIIClClAlClClClClAlClClClIIClClHClAlClVOClHClAlClScheme 1: Mechanism for arene formylationExperimental SectionCalculationsThe Spartan ’02 & ’04 molecular modeling software packages were used to predictthe optimized geometry and the NMR spectra. The 27 Al-, 1 H-NMR spectra werepredicted at the ab initio level using the Hartree-Fock to obtain the equilibriumgeometry with the 3-21G* basis set. In a similar manner, we predicted the protonNMR spectra of the absorbed HCl.ChemicalsThe imidazolium compounds 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium-chloride (EMIM-Cl),1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium-chloride (n-BuMIM-Cl), and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium-chloride(n-HeMIM-Cl), toluene (anhydrous, 99.99%), and HCl wereobtained from Sigma Aldrich; whereas, 1-octyl-3-methyl-imidazolium-chloride (n-OcMIM-Cl), 1-Dodecyl-3-methyl-imidazolium-chloride (n-DoMIM-Cl) were
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Catalysis ofOrganic Reactions
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14. Catalyst Manufacture: Laborator
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62. Catalysis of Organic Reactions,
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108. Metal Oxides: Chemistry and Ap
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CRC PressTaylor & Francis Group6000
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xiii14. The Transformation of Light
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xviien Catalisis y Petroquimica (UN
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xix56. Transition Metal Removal fro
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xxiiiChronology of Organic Reaction
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To Zsuzsanna and Tim
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Jones et al. 31. On the Use of Immo
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Jones et al. 5three-phase tests in
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Jones et al. 7In the HKR of rac-epi
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Jones et al. 9term performance char
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Jones et al. 115. A. S. Gruber, D.
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Moses et al. 132. Supported Re Cata
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Moses et al. 15perrhenate, followed
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Moses et al. 17SnCOSnMe 4≡SiOReO
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Moses et al. 19(AlOSi) of the cube.
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Moses et al. 212.510 3 k obs / s -1
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Wang et al. 233. Catalytic Hydrogen
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Wang et al. 25The rate expressions
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Wang et al. 27Schiff’s base forma
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Wang et al. 29AcknowledgementsWe gr
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32Halophosphite LigandsIn 1970, Pru
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34Halophosphite LigandsThe ligands,
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36Halophosphite LigandsTable 2 Temp
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38Halophosphite Ligands3. P. W. N.
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40Monolithic Bioreactorstrength for
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42Monolithic BioreactorMenten equat
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Gőbölös et al. 456. Highly Selec
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Gőbölös et al. 47was practically
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Gőbölös et al. 49noteworthy that
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Gőbölös et al. 51Figure 2 NMR sp
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Gőbölös et al. 53internal TMS in
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56Hydrotalcite-like Catalysts[A n-
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58Hydrotalcite-like Catalystssample
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Mantilla, Tzompantzi, Torres and G
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68Synthesis of MIBKwe examined the
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70Synthesis of MIBK1412Conversion (
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72Synthesis of MIBK4,4’-dimethyl
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74Synthesis of MIBKobtained for MIB
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Ardizzi et al. 7710. The Control of
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Ardizzi et al. 79type acidity at th
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Ardizzi et al. 81procedure describe
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84Phenol Benzoylationconsecutive Fr
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86Phenol BenzoylationThis does not
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II. Symposium on Catalytic Oxidatio
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92Oxidation with Microchannel Immob
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100 Propylene Partial OxidationThe
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102 Propylene Partial OxidationSiO
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104 Propylene Partial Oxidation0.01
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106 Propylene Partial Oxidation0.02
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108 Propylene Partial OxidationRefe
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110Oxidation of n-Pentanemethacryli
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112Oxidation of n-PentaneFReqox1ox2
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114Oxidation of n-Pentanethe presen
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116Oxidation of n-PentaneIn the mec
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118Oxidation of n-PentaneReferences
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120TEMPO Oxidation of Alcoholsthe u
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122TEMPO Oxidation of AlcoholsThe r
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124TEMPO Oxidation of Alcoholsany d
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126TEMPO Oxidation of Alcoholsconce
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128TEMPO Oxidation of AlcoholsMNT :
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130TEMPO Oxidation of Alcoholsuptak
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132Aminoalcohols to Aminocarboxylic
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142Bromine-Free TEMPO-Based Catalys
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148CO OxidationP25 TiO 2 , respecti
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150CO Oxidation0.02(a)21802110(b)21
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152CO Oxidationcarboxylate species
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Yamauchi 15519. 2006 Murray Raney A
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Yamauchi 157transformation is schem
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Yamauchi 159The X-ray diffraction p
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Yamauchi 161was -0.0009, -0.0032 an
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Yamauchi 163shown in Fig. 12. It wa
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Yamauchi 165These fine particles we
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168Nitrobenzene Hydrogenationfurthe
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170Nitrobenzene Hydrogenationhydrog
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172Nitrobenzene HydrogenationThe co
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174Nitrobenzene HydrogenationHence
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176Nitrobenzene Hydrogenation10. G.
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178 Hydrogenation of Dehydrolinaloo
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188Modeling Mass Transfer Hydrogena
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198 Fructose HydrogenationHOHCCH 2O
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200 Fructose HydrogenationTable 1.
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202 Fructose Hydrogenationmmol form
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204 Fructose Hydrogenationthe subst
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206 Fructose Hydrogenationcleave th
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208 Fructose Hydrogenationfulfills
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210 Fructose Hydrogenationis not th
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Disselkamp et al. 21324. Cavitating
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Disselkamp et al. 215column. In a p
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Disselkamp et al. 217selectivity es
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Disselkamp et al. 219hydrogenated (
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Disselkamp et al. 221A somewhat mor
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Disselkamp et al. 223Scheme 4.cis-2
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Disselkamp et al. 225conventional c
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Page 256 and 257: Ostgard et al. 229Table 1. The reac
Page 258 and 259: Ostgard et al. 231metal atoms. Thes
Page 260 and 261: Ostgard et al. 233In conclusion, th
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Page 264 and 265: Kuusisto, Mikkola and Salmi 237100A
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Page 294 and 295: Rothenberg et al. 267Table 1. Parti
Page 296 and 297: Rothenberg et al. 269Experimental S
Page 298 and 299: Angueira and White 27131. Novel Chl
Page 300 and 301: Angueira and White 273optimizedgeom
Page 302 and 303: Angueira and White 275F igure 4 - c
Page 306 and 307: Angueira and White 279obtained from
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Page 316 and 317: Cao, White, Wang and Frye 28933. Se
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Page 321 and 322: 294Chiral Ferrocene Ligandsnew Twin
Page 323 and 324: 296Chiral Ferrocene LigandsTable 1.
Page 325 and 326: 298Chiral Ferrocene Ligandsprevents
Page 327 and 328: 300Chiral Ferrocene LigandsConclusi
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Page 331 and 332: 304 Catalyst Library DesignIn gas p
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Page 343 and 344: 316 Dendrimer TemplatesWe are devel
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328Rearrangement of 3,4-Epoxy-1-But
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3382,5-Dimethyl-2,4-Hexadieneharves
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3402,5-Dimethyl-2,4-Hexadienestabil
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3422,5-Dimethyl-2,4-Hexadiene10086Y
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3442,5-Dimethyl-2,4-Hexadienereacti
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3462,5-Dimethyl-2,4-Hexadiene8. www
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348Heteropoly AcidsSOOO O+ +OS1 2 3
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350Heteropoly AcidsTable 3. Acylati
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352Heteropoly AcidsSiO 2 is the bes
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Diez, Di Cosimo and Apesteguia 3554
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Diez, Di Cosimo and Apesteguia 357T
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Diez, Di Cosimo and Apesteguia 359A
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378 Polyurethane from Natural OilMe
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380 Polyurethane from Natural Oilco
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382 Polyurethane from Natural Oilfr
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384 Polyurethane from Natural OilTh
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386 Carbonylation of Chloropinacolo
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396 Recycling Homogeneous Catalysts
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406“Green” Catalysts for Biodie
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416 Production of BiodieselTable 1.
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418 Production of Biodieselto a mas
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420 Production of BiodieselEthyl st
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422 Production of Biodiesel10080Sel
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424 Production of Biodieselproduct
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Marincean et al. 42747. Glycerol Hy
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Marincean et al. 429Experimental Se
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Marincean et al. 431neutralize all
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Marincean et al. 433suggesting that
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Marincean et al. 435increasing from
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Kocal 43748. Developing Sustainable
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Kocal 439description of the four st
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Kocal 441metallurgy in parts of the
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Kocal 443that capital investment co
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Kocal 4455. J.J. Siirola, An Indust
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448Propylene Oxidation to POSupercr
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450Propylene Oxidation to POTable 1
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452Propylene Oxidation to PO
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Riermeier et al. 45550. catASium ®
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Riermeier et al. 457It is interesti
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Riermeier et al. 459Reaction of the
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Riermeier et al. 461References1. I.
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464 Chiral 2-Amino-1-Phenylethanolp
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466 Chiral 2-Amino-1-PhenylethanolI
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468 Chiral 2-Amino-1-Phenylethanola
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470 t-Butanol DehydrationResults an
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472 t-Butanol Dehydrationcomprises
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Pohlmann et al 47553. Leaching Resi
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Pohlmann et al 477this study. In th
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Pohlmann et al 479Experimental Sect
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482 Reductive AlkylationSince the p
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484 Reductive AlkylationTable 2. Re
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Wolf, Seebald and Tacke 48755. Acce
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Wolf, Seebald and Tacke 489100Norma
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Wolf, Seebald and Tacke 4911,88Figu
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Woods et al. 49356. Transition Meta
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Woods et al. 495Effect of oxidation
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Woods et al. 497
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Woods et al. 499removed the samples
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502 Electroreductive Catalytic Ullm
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504 Electroreductive Catalytic Ullm
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Catalysis of Organic Reactions 507A
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Catalysis of Organic Reactions 509K
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Catalysis of Organic Reactions 511T
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514 Keyword Indexcarboncarbon dioxi
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516 Keyword Indexethanolamine 16 13
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518 Keyword IndexNi, activated 25 2
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520 Keyword Indexsuccinimido ketone
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