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Disselkamp et al. 225conventional catalytic processing. This is the case also for a catalytic process thatincludes cavitating ultrasound, although the model then requires a much highervibrational temperature (at least ~800 K) in order to simulate the selectivity of thedeuterium exchange process. Thus, cavitating ultrasound likely incorporates a highlevel of molecular vibrational excitation, suggesting that the vibrational temperatureis not in equilibrium with the thermal (e.g., translational) temperature as thechemistry proceeds along a traditional reaction path. These results suggest thatcavitating ultrasound chemistries can only be explained by a surface energy of >800K which is much greater than the solution (e.g., bath) temperature of 300 Kemployed.AcknowledgementsWe would like to thank Dr. James F. White (PNNL) for fruitful discussionsduring the course of this project. SMC and KRB were supported from DOE PreserviceTeacher (PST) and Community College Initiative (CCI) Office of Fellowshipprograms for undergraduates, respectively, during the summer of 2005. This projectwas performed in the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL) andfunded from a Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) grantadministered by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). The EMSL is anational scientific user facility located at PNNL and supported by the U.S. DOEOffice of Biological and Environmental Research. PNNL is operated by BattelleMemorial Institute for the U.S. Department of Energy.References1. J.L. Luche (ed.), Synthetic Organic Sonochemistry (Plenum Press) New York(1998).2. T.J. Mason, Sonochemistry (Oxford University Press) Oxford, UnitedKingdom (2000).3. K.S. Suslick, Handbook of Heterogeneous Catalysis, vol.3, G.Ertl, H.Knozinger, J. Weitkamp, eds., (Wiley-VCH), Weinheim, Germany (1997).4. T.J. Mason, Ultrasonics Sonochem., 10, 175 (2003).5. B. Torok, K. Balazsik, M. Torok, Gy. Szollosi, M. Bartok, UltrasonicsSonochem., 7, 151 (2000).6. M.M. Mdleleni, T. Hyeon, K.S. Suslick, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 120, 6189 (1998).7. R.S. Disselkamp, T.R. Hart, A.M. Williams, J.F. White, C.H.F. Peden,Ultrasonics Sonochem., 12, 319 (2004).8. J.W. Chen, J.A. Chang, G.V. Smith, Chem. .Eng. Progress, Symp. Ser., 67, 18(1971).9. R.S. Disselkamp, Ya-Huei Chin, C.H.F. Peden, J. Catal., 227, 552 (2004).10. R.S. Disselkamp, K.M. Denslow, T.R. Hart, J.F. White, C.H.F. Peden, Appl.Catal. A: General, 288, 62 (2005).11. K.R. Boyles, S.M. Chajkowski, R.S. Disselkamp, C.H.F. Peden A CavitatingUltrasound Study of the H/D Isotope Effect in the Hydrogenation of Aqueous
226 Cavitating Ultrasound Hydrogenation3-buten-2-ol and 1,4-pentadien-3-ol on Pd-black, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res..,submitted (2005).12. R.S. Disselkamp, K.M. Denslow, T.R. Hart, C.H.F. Peden Non-equilibriumEffects in the Hydrogenation-mediated Isomerization Mechanism of Olefinsduring Cavitating Ultrasound Processing, , Catal. Commun., in press (2006).13. R.S. Disselkamp, K.M. Judd, T.R. Hart, C.H.F. Peden, G.J. Posakony, L.J.Bond, J. Catal., 221, 347 (2004).14. J. Horiuti, M. Polayni, Trans. Faraday Soc., 30, 1164 (1934).15. G.C. Bond, P.B. Wells, Adv. Catal.,, 15, 91-226 (1964).16. L. Melander, W.H. Saunders Jr., Reaction Rates of Isotopic Molecules,(Robert E. Krieger Publ. Co.) Malabar, Florida (1987).17. R.P. Bell, The Tunnel Effect in Chemistry (Chapman and Hall Publ. Co.)London (1980).18. N. Moiseyev, J. Rucker, M.H. Glickman, J. Am. Chem. .Soc., 119(17), 3853(1997).19. E.B. Wilson Jr., J.C. Decius and P.C. Cross, Molecular Vibrations, DoverPubl. Inc., New York, p.253 (1955).
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Catalysis ofOrganic Reactions
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14. Catalyst Manufacture: Laborator
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62. Catalysis of Organic Reactions,
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108. Metal Oxides: Chemistry and Ap
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CRC PressTaylor & Francis Group6000
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xviien Catalisis y Petroquimica (UN
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To Zsuzsanna and Tim
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Jones et al. 31. On the Use of Immo
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Jones et al. 5three-phase tests in
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Moses et al. 15perrhenate, followed
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Moses et al. 17SnCOSnMe 4≡SiOReO
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Moses et al. 19(AlOSi) of the cube.
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Moses et al. 212.510 3 k obs / s -1
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Wang et al. 233. Catalytic Hydrogen
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Wang et al. 25The rate expressions
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32Halophosphite LigandsIn 1970, Pru
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34Halophosphite LigandsThe ligands,
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36Halophosphite LigandsTable 2 Temp
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38Halophosphite Ligands3. P. W. N.
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40Monolithic Bioreactorstrength for
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42Monolithic BioreactorMenten equat
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Gőbölös et al. 47was practically
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Gőbölös et al. 51Figure 2 NMR sp
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56Hydrotalcite-like Catalysts[A n-
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58Hydrotalcite-like Catalystssample
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Mantilla, Tzompantzi, Torres and G
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68Synthesis of MIBKwe examined the
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70Synthesis of MIBK1412Conversion (
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72Synthesis of MIBK4,4’-dimethyl
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74Synthesis of MIBKobtained for MIB
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Ardizzi et al. 7710. The Control of
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Ardizzi et al. 79type acidity at th
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Ardizzi et al. 81procedure describe
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84Phenol Benzoylationconsecutive Fr
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86Phenol BenzoylationThis does not
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92Oxidation with Microchannel Immob
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100 Propylene Partial OxidationThe
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102 Propylene Partial OxidationSiO
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104 Propylene Partial Oxidation0.01
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106 Propylene Partial Oxidation0.02
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108 Propylene Partial OxidationRefe
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110Oxidation of n-Pentanemethacryli
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112Oxidation of n-PentaneFReqox1ox2
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114Oxidation of n-Pentanethe presen
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116Oxidation of n-PentaneIn the mec
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118Oxidation of n-PentaneReferences
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120TEMPO Oxidation of Alcoholsthe u
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122TEMPO Oxidation of AlcoholsThe r
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124TEMPO Oxidation of Alcoholsany d
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126TEMPO Oxidation of Alcoholsconce
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128TEMPO Oxidation of AlcoholsMNT :
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130TEMPO Oxidation of Alcoholsuptak
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132Aminoalcohols to Aminocarboxylic
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142Bromine-Free TEMPO-Based Catalys
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148CO OxidationP25 TiO 2 , respecti
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150CO Oxidation0.02(a)21802110(b)21
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152CO Oxidationcarboxylate species
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Yamauchi 15519. 2006 Murray Raney A
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Yamauchi 157transformation is schem
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Yamauchi 159The X-ray diffraction p
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Yamauchi 161was -0.0009, -0.0032 an
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Yamauchi 163shown in Fig. 12. It wa
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168Nitrobenzene Hydrogenationfurthe
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170Nitrobenzene Hydrogenationhydrog
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172Nitrobenzene HydrogenationThe co
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Angueira and White 277Table 1. 27 A
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Angueira and White 279obtained from
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Cao, White, Wang and Frye 28933. Se
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Cao, White, Wang and Frye 291Experi
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294Chiral Ferrocene Ligandsnew Twin
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296Chiral Ferrocene LigandsTable 1.
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298Chiral Ferrocene Ligandsprevents
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300Chiral Ferrocene LigandsConclusi
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302Chiral Ferrocene Ligandsextracte
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304 Catalyst Library DesignIn gas p
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306 Catalyst Library Designd−(b 0
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308 Catalyst Library DesignBasic Pr
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310 Catalyst Library DesignD in com
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312 Catalyst Library DesignCatalyst
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314 Catalyst Library Design27. S. H
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316 Dendrimer TemplatesWe are devel
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318 Dendrimer TemplatesThe differen
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320 Dendrimer TemplatesWe encounter
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322 Dendrimer TemplatesThe 100 cm -
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328Rearrangement of 3,4-Epoxy-1-But
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348Heteropoly AcidsSOOO O+ +OS1 2 3
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350Heteropoly AcidsTable 3. Acylati
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352Heteropoly AcidsSiO 2 is the bes
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378 Polyurethane from Natural OilMe
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380 Polyurethane from Natural Oilco
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382 Polyurethane from Natural Oilfr
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384 Polyurethane from Natural OilTh
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386 Carbonylation of Chloropinacolo
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396 Recycling Homogeneous Catalysts
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416 Production of BiodieselTable 1.
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418 Production of Biodieselto a mas
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420 Production of BiodieselEthyl st
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422 Production of Biodiesel10080Sel
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424 Production of Biodieselproduct
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448Propylene Oxidation to POSupercr
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450Propylene Oxidation to POTable 1
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452Propylene Oxidation to PO
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Riermeier et al. 457It is interesti
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Riermeier et al. 459Reaction of the
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Riermeier et al. 461References1. I.
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464 Chiral 2-Amino-1-Phenylethanolp
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466 Chiral 2-Amino-1-PhenylethanolI
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468 Chiral 2-Amino-1-Phenylethanola
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470 t-Butanol DehydrationResults an
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472 t-Butanol Dehydrationcomprises
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Pohlmann et al 47553. Leaching Resi
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Pohlmann et al 477this study. In th
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482 Reductive AlkylationSince the p
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484 Reductive AlkylationTable 2. Re
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Wolf, Seebald and Tacke 489100Norma
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502 Electroreductive Catalytic Ullm
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504 Electroreductive Catalytic Ullm
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Catalysis of Organic Reactions 509K
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Catalysis of Organic Reactions 511T
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514 Keyword Indexcarboncarbon dioxi
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516 Keyword Indexethanolamine 16 13
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518 Keyword IndexNi, activated 25 2
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520 Keyword Indexsuccinimido ketone
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