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Bacchini et al . 117Experimental SectionV/P/O samples were prepared according to the following procedure: the catalystprecursor, VOHPO 4 .0.5H 2 O, was precipitated starting from a suspension of 8.2 gV 2 O 5 (Aldrich, purity 99.6+%) and 10.1 g H 3 PO 4 (Aldrich 98+%) in 75 mlisobutanol (Aldrich, 99%+); the suspension was heated under reflux conditions for 6hours. The precipitate obtained was filtered, washed with a large excess ofisobutanol and dried at 125°C overnight. After a spray-drying conglomeration ofparticles into fluidizable material (20), the compound was thermally treated todevelop the VPP structure, following the hydrothermal-like procedure described indetail elsewhere (21). The thermal treatment was aimed at the development of awell-crystallized VPP, which took shorter time to reach the equilibrated state underreaction conditions, with respect to conventional thermal treatments. Then, thecatalyst was run in fluidized-bed pilot reactor for three months, under the followingconditions: temperature 400°C, feed 4% n-butane in air, pressure 3 atm. After thisperiod the catalyst was down-loaded by cooling the reactor under reaction feed. Thissample is denoted as sample eq. Sample eq was then oxidized for 4 h in flow of air,in a dedicated furnace, at different temperatures (see Table 1), in order to developdiscrete amounts of V 5+ . Samples obtained were denoted ox1, ox2 and ox3; theywere then used for catalytic tests in a lab reactor. Corresponding samples aftercatalytic tests are denoted with the suffix sp.Catalysts were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (Phillipsdiffractometer PW3710, with CuKα as radiation source), UV-Vis-DR spectroscopy(Perkin-Elmer Lambda 19) and chemical analysis. Measurements of surface aciditywere carried out by recording transmission FT-IR spectra of samples pressed intoself-supported disks, after adsorption of pyridine at room temperature, followed bystepwise desorption under dynamic vacuum at increasing temperature (Perkin-Elmermod 1700 instrument). The procedure for chemical analysis is described in detail inref. (13).Catalytic tests of n-pentane oxidation were carried out in a laboratory glassflow-reactor, operating at atmospheric pressure, and loading 3 g of catalyst dilutedwith inert material. Feed composition was: 1 mol% n-pentane in air; residence timewas 2 g s/ml. The temperature of reaction was varied from 340 to 420°C. Theproducts were collected and analyzed by means of gas chromatography. A HP-1column (FID) was used for the separation of C 5 hydrocarbons, MA and PA. ACarbosieve SII column (TCD) was used for the separation of oxygen, carbonmonoxide and carbon dioxide.AcknowledgementsAcknowledgement is made to the Donors of the American Chemical SocietyPetroleum Research Fund, for the partial support of this activity.Dr Cristina Flego from EniTecnologie SpA is gratefully acknowledged forperforming FT-IR measurements.
118Oxidation of n-PentaneReferences1. P. Arpentinier, F. Cavani and F. Trifirò, The Technology of CatalyticOxidations, Editions Technip, Paris (2001).2. V.A. Zazhigalov, J. Haber, J. Stoch and E.V. Cheburakova, Catal. Comm., 2,375 (2001).3. F. Cavani, A. Colombo, F. Giuntoli, E. Gobbi, F. Trifirò and P. Vazquez, Catal.Today, 32, 125 (1996).4. Z. Sobalik, S. Gonzalez Carrazan, P. Ruiz and B. Delmon, J. Catal., 185, 272(1999).5. P.L. Gai and K. Kourtakis, Science, 267, 661 (1995).6. P.T. Nguyen, A.W. Sleight, N. Roberts and W.W. Warren, J. Solid State Chem.,122, 259 (1996).7. K. Aït-Lachgar, M. Abon and J.C. Volta, J. Catal., 171, 383 (1997).8. U. Rodemerck, B. Kubias, H.-W. Zanthoff, G.-U. Wolf and M. Baerns, Appl.Catal. A, 153, 217 (1997).9. G. Koyano, F. Yamaguchi, T. Okuhara and M. Misono, Catal. Lett., 41, 149(1996).10. S. Albonetti, F. Cavani, F. Trifirò, P. Venturoli, G. Calestani, M. LopezGranados and J.L.G. Fierro, J. Catal., 160, 52 (1996).11. Z. Sobalik, S. Gonzalez and P. Ruiz, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 91, 727 (1995).12. C. Cabello, F. Cavani, S. Ligi and F. Trifirò, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 119, 925(1998).13. F. Cavani, S. Ligi, T. Monti, F. Pierelli, F. Trifirò, S. Albonetti and G. Mazzoni,Catal. Today, 61, 203 (2000).14. G. Centi, F. Trifirò, J.R. Ebner and V. Franchetti, Chem. Rev., 88, 55 (1988).15. G. Centi, F. Trifirò, Chem. Eng. Sci., 45, 2589 (1990).16. G. Centi, J. Lopez Nieto, F. Ungarelli and F. Trifirò, Catal. Lett., 4, 309 (1990).17. F. Cavani and F. Trifirò, Appl. Catal. A, 157, 195 (1997).18. M. Lopez Granados, J.M. Coronado, J.L.G. Fierro, F. Cavani, F. Giuntoli and F.Trifirò, Surf. Interf. Anal., 25, 667 (1997).19. F. Cavani, A. Colombo, F. Trifirò, M.T. Sananes-Schulz, J.C. Volta and G.J.Hutchings, Catal. Lett., 43, 241 (1997).20. D. Suciu, G. Stefani and C. Fumagalli, U.S. Pat 4,654,425, to Lummus andAlusuisse Italia (1987).21. G. Mazzoni, G. Stefani and F. Cavani, Eur Pat. 804,963, to Lonza SpA (1997).
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Catalysis ofOrganic Reactions
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14. Catalyst Manufacture: Laborator
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62. Catalysis of Organic Reactions,
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108. Metal Oxides: Chemistry and Ap
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CRC PressTaylor & Francis Group6000
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xiii14. The Transformation of Light
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xviien Catalisis y Petroquimica (UN
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xix56. Transition Metal Removal fro
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xxiiiChronology of Organic Reaction
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To Zsuzsanna and Tim
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Jones et al. 31. On the Use of Immo
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Jones et al. 5three-phase tests in
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Jones et al. 7In the HKR of rac-epi
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Jones et al. 9term performance char
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Jones et al. 115. A. S. Gruber, D.
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Moses et al. 132. Supported Re Cata
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Moses et al. 15perrhenate, followed
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Moses et al. 17SnCOSnMe 4≡SiOReO
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Moses et al. 19(AlOSi) of the cube.
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Moses et al. 212.510 3 k obs / s -1
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Wang et al. 233. Catalytic Hydrogen
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Wang et al. 25The rate expressions
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Wang et al. 27Schiff’s base forma
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32Halophosphite LigandsIn 1970, Pru
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34Halophosphite LigandsThe ligands,
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36Halophosphite LigandsTable 2 Temp
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38Halophosphite Ligands3. P. W. N.
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40Monolithic Bioreactorstrength for
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42Monolithic BioreactorMenten equat
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Gőbölös et al. 456. Highly Selec
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Gőbölös et al. 47was practically
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Gőbölös et al. 49noteworthy that
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Gőbölös et al. 51Figure 2 NMR sp
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Gőbölös et al. 53internal TMS in
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56Hydrotalcite-like Catalysts[A n-
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58Hydrotalcite-like Catalystssample
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Mantilla, Tzompantzi, Torres and G
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Page 95 and 96: 68Synthesis of MIBKwe examined the
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Page 101 and 102: 74Synthesis of MIBKobtained for MIB
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Page 113 and 114: 86Phenol BenzoylationThis does not
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Page 137 and 138: 110Oxidation of n-Pentanemethacryli
Page 139 and 140: 112Oxidation of n-PentaneFReqox1ox2
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Page 149 and 150: 122TEMPO Oxidation of AlcoholsThe r
Page 151 and 152: 124TEMPO Oxidation of Alcoholsany d
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Page 155 and 156: 128TEMPO Oxidation of AlcoholsMNT :
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168Nitrobenzene Hydrogenationfurthe
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170Nitrobenzene Hydrogenationhydrog
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172Nitrobenzene HydrogenationThe co
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174Nitrobenzene HydrogenationHence
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176Nitrobenzene Hydrogenation10. G.
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178 Hydrogenation of Dehydrolinaloo
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188Modeling Mass Transfer Hydrogena
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198 Fructose HydrogenationHOHCCH 2O
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200 Fructose HydrogenationTable 1.
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202 Fructose Hydrogenationmmol form
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204 Fructose Hydrogenationthe subst
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206 Fructose Hydrogenationcleave th
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208 Fructose Hydrogenationfulfills
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210 Fructose Hydrogenationis not th
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Disselkamp et al. 21324. Cavitating
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Disselkamp et al. 217selectivity es
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Disselkamp et al. 223Scheme 4.cis-2
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Ostgard et al. 231metal atoms. Thes
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Kuusisto, Mikkola and Salmi 23526.
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Kuusisto, Mikkola and Salmi 237100A
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242 1-Phenyl-1-Propyneof cis-β-met
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244 1-Phenyl-1-Propynealkene. When
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Gőbölös and Margitfalvi 25329. R
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Gőbölös and Margitfalvi 255maxim
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Rothenberg et al. 26130. How to Fin
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Rothenberg et al. 265pre-define the
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Rothenberg et al. 267Table 1. Parti
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Rothenberg et al. 269Experimental S
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Angueira and White 27131. Novel Chl
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Angueira and White 273optimizedgeom
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Angueira and White 275F igure 4 - c
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Angueira and White 277Table 1. 27 A
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Angueira and White 279obtained from
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Cao, White, Wang and Frye 28933. Se
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294Chiral Ferrocene Ligandsnew Twin
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296Chiral Ferrocene LigandsTable 1.
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298Chiral Ferrocene Ligandsprevents
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300Chiral Ferrocene LigandsConclusi
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302Chiral Ferrocene Ligandsextracte
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304 Catalyst Library DesignIn gas p
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306 Catalyst Library Designd−(b 0
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308 Catalyst Library DesignBasic Pr
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310 Catalyst Library DesignD in com
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312 Catalyst Library DesignCatalyst
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314 Catalyst Library Design27. S. H
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316 Dendrimer TemplatesWe are devel
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318 Dendrimer TemplatesThe differen
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320 Dendrimer TemplatesWe encounter
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322 Dendrimer TemplatesThe 100 cm -
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328Rearrangement of 3,4-Epoxy-1-But
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3462,5-Dimethyl-2,4-Hexadiene8. www
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348Heteropoly AcidsSOOO O+ +OS1 2 3
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350Heteropoly AcidsTable 3. Acylati
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352Heteropoly AcidsSiO 2 is the bes
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Diez, Di Cosimo and Apesteguia 3554
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378 Polyurethane from Natural OilMe
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380 Polyurethane from Natural Oilco
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382 Polyurethane from Natural Oilfr
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384 Polyurethane from Natural OilTh
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386 Carbonylation of Chloropinacolo
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396 Recycling Homogeneous Catalysts
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406“Green” Catalysts for Biodie
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416 Production of BiodieselTable 1.
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418 Production of Biodieselto a mas
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420 Production of BiodieselEthyl st
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422 Production of Biodiesel10080Sel
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424 Production of Biodieselproduct
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Marincean et al. 431neutralize all
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Kocal 43748. Developing Sustainable
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Kocal 439description of the four st
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Kocal 441metallurgy in parts of the
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Kocal 443that capital investment co
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448Propylene Oxidation to POSupercr
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450Propylene Oxidation to POTable 1
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452Propylene Oxidation to PO
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Riermeier et al. 45550. catASium ®
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Riermeier et al. 457It is interesti
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Riermeier et al. 459Reaction of the
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Riermeier et al. 461References1. I.
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464 Chiral 2-Amino-1-Phenylethanolp
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466 Chiral 2-Amino-1-PhenylethanolI
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468 Chiral 2-Amino-1-Phenylethanola
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470 t-Butanol DehydrationResults an
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472 t-Butanol Dehydrationcomprises
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Pohlmann et al 47553. Leaching Resi
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Pohlmann et al 477this study. In th
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Pohlmann et al 479Experimental Sect
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482 Reductive AlkylationSince the p
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484 Reductive AlkylationTable 2. Re
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Wolf, Seebald and Tacke 48755. Acce
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Wolf, Seebald and Tacke 489100Norma
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Woods et al. 49356. Transition Meta
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Woods et al. 495Effect of oxidation
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502 Electroreductive Catalytic Ullm
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504 Electroreductive Catalytic Ullm
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Catalysis of Organic Reactions 507A
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Catalysis of Organic Reactions 509K
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Catalysis of Organic Reactions 511T
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514 Keyword Indexcarboncarbon dioxi
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516 Keyword Indexethanolamine 16 13
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518 Keyword IndexNi, activated 25 2
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520 Keyword Indexsuccinimido ketone
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