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Bacchini et al . 1111 summarizes the main chemical features, surface area and distribution of V speciesas determined by chemical analysis, for catalysts employed in the present work.Sample eq was a fully equilibrated catalyst, while samples oxn were obtained bycontrolled oxidizing treatments of sample eq. The procedure adopted for thistreatment is also given in the Table; more severe conditions led to the generation of ahigher amount of V 5+ , while sample eq did not contain V 5+ at all.Table 1. Main chemical-physical features of catalysts before catalytic tests.Sample T of treatment in air (°C), time (h) S. area, m 2 /g n in V n+eq none 21 3.99ox1 450, 4 17 4.035ox2 500, 4 nd 4.052ox3 550, 4 14 4.47Figure 1 reports the corresponding UV-Vis Diffuse Reflectance spectra. Theband at 400 nm is relative to the CT between O 2- and V 5+ ; its intensity wasproportional to the amount of V 5+ . On the other hand, the intensity of the band at 900nm decreased, relative to a d-d transition for V 4+ in the vanadyl moiety. The XRDpattern of all samples, but ox3, corresponded to that of well-crystallized VPP; in thecase of sample ox3, additional reflections were due to the presence of δ-VOPO 4(JCPDS 37-0809). Therefore, the treatment of the VPP led to the generation ofsurface V 5+ in samples ox1 and ox2, and to the growth of crystalline VOPO 4 insample ox3.Table 2 compares the chemical analysis of the spent samples, downloaded afterreaction (samples eqsp and oxnsp); Figure 2 reports the corresponding UV-Vis DRspectra. It is shown that catalysts after reaction were more reduced than thecorresponding samples before reaction. Sample ox1sp was fully reduced, and alsocontained a low amount of V 3+ ; samples ox2sp and ox3sp, instead, yet retained somefraction of V 5+ . In electronic spectra, the intensity of the band at 400 nm was lowerthan in corresponding fresh samples (Figure 1); in the case of catalysts eqsp andox1sp, this band was absent. Therefore, the V 5+ species generated by the oxidizingtreatment of the VPP was not stable in the reaction environment, and wasprogressively reduced to V 4+ . In addition, a weak band at ≈ 500 nm, attributed to theV 3+ species (13), was present in samples eqsp and ox1sp.Figure 3 reports the amount of residual pyridine adsorbed on acid sites as afunction of temperature, for samples eqsp, ox1sp and ox3sp. Tests were carried outby adsorbing pyridine at room temperature, and by recording the FT-IR spectrumafter desorption at increasing temperatures. The amount of pyridine retained wasproportional to the total number of acid sites (Lewis + Brønsted). The Figure alsoshows the corresponding fraction of Lewis-type sites; the latter were the predominantacid sites in all samples. However, the residual amount of adsorbed pyridine afterevacuation at 400°C was very low; this indicates that the acid sites were of mediumstrength.
112Oxidation of n-PentaneFReqox1ox2ox3200 400 600 800 1000 1200Wavelength, nmFigure 1. UV-Vis DR spectra of catalysts before reaction (fresh samples).FReqspox1spox2spox3sp200 400 600 800 1000 1200Wavelength, nmFigure 2. UV-Vis DR spectra of catalysts after reaction (spent samples).The overall number of acid sites was the highest in sample ox1sp, and the lowestin the most oxidized sample, ox3sp. On the other hand, samples eqsp and ox3spretained the greatest amount of pyridine after desorption at 400°C, and therefore
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Catalysis ofOrganic Reactions
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14. Catalyst Manufacture: Laborator
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62. Catalysis of Organic Reactions,
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108. Metal Oxides: Chemistry and Ap
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CRC PressTaylor & Francis Group6000
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xiii14. The Transformation of Light
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xviien Catalisis y Petroquimica (UN
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xix56. Transition Metal Removal fro
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xxiiiChronology of Organic Reaction
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To Zsuzsanna and Tim
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Jones et al. 31. On the Use of Immo
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Jones et al. 5three-phase tests in
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Jones et al. 7In the HKR of rac-epi
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Jones et al. 9term performance char
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Jones et al. 115. A. S. Gruber, D.
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Moses et al. 132. Supported Re Cata
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Moses et al. 15perrhenate, followed
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Moses et al. 17SnCOSnMe 4≡SiOReO
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Moses et al. 19(AlOSi) of the cube.
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Moses et al. 212.510 3 k obs / s -1
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Wang et al. 233. Catalytic Hydrogen
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Wang et al. 25The rate expressions
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Wang et al. 27Schiff’s base forma
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Wang et al. 29AcknowledgementsWe gr
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32Halophosphite LigandsIn 1970, Pru
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34Halophosphite LigandsThe ligands,
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36Halophosphite LigandsTable 2 Temp
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38Halophosphite Ligands3. P. W. N.
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40Monolithic Bioreactorstrength for
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42Monolithic BioreactorMenten equat
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Gőbölös et al. 456. Highly Selec
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Gőbölös et al. 47was practically
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Gőbölös et al. 49noteworthy that
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Gőbölös et al. 51Figure 2 NMR sp
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Gőbölös et al. 53internal TMS in
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56Hydrotalcite-like Catalysts[A n-
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58Hydrotalcite-like Catalystssample
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Page 95 and 96: 68Synthesis of MIBKwe examined the
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Page 101 and 102: 74Synthesis of MIBKobtained for MIB
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Page 113 and 114: 86Phenol BenzoylationThis does not
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Page 141 and 142: 114Oxidation of n-Pentanethe presen
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Page 145 and 146: 118Oxidation of n-PentaneReferences
Page 147 and 148: 120TEMPO Oxidation of Alcoholsthe u
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Page 151 and 152: 124TEMPO Oxidation of Alcoholsany d
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Page 155 and 156: 128TEMPO Oxidation of AlcoholsMNT :
Page 157 and 158: 130TEMPO Oxidation of Alcoholsuptak
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Page 179 and 180: 152CO Oxidationcarboxylate species
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Yamauchi 161was -0.0009, -0.0032 an
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Yamauchi 163shown in Fig. 12. It wa
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Yamauchi 165These fine particles we
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168Nitrobenzene Hydrogenationfurthe
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170Nitrobenzene Hydrogenationhydrog
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172Nitrobenzene HydrogenationThe co
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174Nitrobenzene HydrogenationHence
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176Nitrobenzene Hydrogenation10. G.
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178 Hydrogenation of Dehydrolinaloo
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188Modeling Mass Transfer Hydrogena
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198 Fructose HydrogenationHOHCCH 2O
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200 Fructose HydrogenationTable 1.
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202 Fructose Hydrogenationmmol form
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204 Fructose Hydrogenationthe subst
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206 Fructose Hydrogenationcleave th
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208 Fructose Hydrogenationfulfills
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210 Fructose Hydrogenationis not th
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Disselkamp et al. 21324. Cavitating
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Disselkamp et al. 215column. In a p
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Disselkamp et al. 217selectivity es
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Disselkamp et al. 219hydrogenated (
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Disselkamp et al. 221A somewhat mor
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Disselkamp et al. 223Scheme 4.cis-2
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Disselkamp et al. 225conventional c
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Ostgard et al. 22725. The Treatment
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Ostgard et al. 229Table 1. The reac
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Ostgard et al. 231metal atoms. Thes
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Ostgard et al. 233In conclusion, th
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Kuusisto, Mikkola and Salmi 23526.
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Kuusisto, Mikkola and Salmi 237100A
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Kuusisto, Mikkola and Salmi 2399. B
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242 1-Phenyl-1-Propyneof cis-β-met
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244 1-Phenyl-1-Propynealkene. When
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Gőbölös and Margitfalvi 25329. R
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Gőbölös and Margitfalvi 255maxim
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Gőbölös and Margitfalvi 257Y=421
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Rothenberg et al. 26130. How to Fin
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Rothenberg et al. 263By dividing th
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Rothenberg et al. 265pre-define the
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Rothenberg et al. 267Table 1. Parti
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Rothenberg et al. 269Experimental S
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Angueira and White 27131. Novel Chl
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Angueira and White 273optimizedgeom
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Angueira and White 275F igure 4 - c
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Angueira and White 277Table 1. 27 A
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Angueira and White 279obtained from
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Robitaille, Clément, Chapuzet and
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Cao, White, Wang and Frye 28933. Se
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Cao, White, Wang and Frye 291Experi
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294Chiral Ferrocene Ligandsnew Twin
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296Chiral Ferrocene LigandsTable 1.
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298Chiral Ferrocene Ligandsprevents
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300Chiral Ferrocene LigandsConclusi
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302Chiral Ferrocene Ligandsextracte
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304 Catalyst Library DesignIn gas p
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306 Catalyst Library Designd−(b 0
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308 Catalyst Library DesignBasic Pr
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310 Catalyst Library DesignD in com
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312 Catalyst Library DesignCatalyst
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314 Catalyst Library Design27. S. H
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316 Dendrimer TemplatesWe are devel
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318 Dendrimer TemplatesThe differen
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320 Dendrimer TemplatesWe encounter
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322 Dendrimer TemplatesThe 100 cm -
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328Rearrangement of 3,4-Epoxy-1-But
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3382,5-Dimethyl-2,4-Hexadieneharves
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3422,5-Dimethyl-2,4-Hexadiene10086Y
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3442,5-Dimethyl-2,4-Hexadienereacti
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3462,5-Dimethyl-2,4-Hexadiene8. www
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348Heteropoly AcidsSOOO O+ +OS1 2 3
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350Heteropoly AcidsTable 3. Acylati
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352Heteropoly AcidsSiO 2 is the bes
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Diez, Di Cosimo and Apesteguia 3554
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378 Polyurethane from Natural OilMe
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380 Polyurethane from Natural Oilco
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382 Polyurethane from Natural Oilfr
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384 Polyurethane from Natural OilTh
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386 Carbonylation of Chloropinacolo
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396 Recycling Homogeneous Catalysts
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406“Green” Catalysts for Biodie
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416 Production of BiodieselTable 1.
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418 Production of Biodieselto a mas
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420 Production of BiodieselEthyl st
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422 Production of Biodiesel10080Sel
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424 Production of Biodieselproduct
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Marincean et al. 42747. Glycerol Hy
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Marincean et al. 429Experimental Se
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Marincean et al. 431neutralize all
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Marincean et al. 433suggesting that
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Kocal 43748. Developing Sustainable
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Kocal 439description of the four st
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Kocal 441metallurgy in parts of the
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Kocal 443that capital investment co
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Kocal 4455. J.J. Siirola, An Indust
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448Propylene Oxidation to POSupercr
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450Propylene Oxidation to POTable 1
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452Propylene Oxidation to PO
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Riermeier et al. 45550. catASium ®
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Riermeier et al. 457It is interesti
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Riermeier et al. 459Reaction of the
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Riermeier et al. 461References1. I.
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464 Chiral 2-Amino-1-Phenylethanolp
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466 Chiral 2-Amino-1-PhenylethanolI
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468 Chiral 2-Amino-1-Phenylethanola
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470 t-Butanol DehydrationResults an
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472 t-Butanol Dehydrationcomprises
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Pohlmann et al 47553. Leaching Resi
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Pohlmann et al 477this study. In th
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Pohlmann et al 479Experimental Sect
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482 Reductive AlkylationSince the p
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484 Reductive AlkylationTable 2. Re
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Wolf, Seebald and Tacke 48755. Acce
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Wolf, Seebald and Tacke 489100Norma
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Wolf, Seebald and Tacke 4911,88Figu
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Woods et al. 49356. Transition Meta
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Woods et al. 495Effect of oxidation
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Woods et al. 499removed the samples
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502 Electroreductive Catalytic Ullm
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504 Electroreductive Catalytic Ullm
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Catalysis of Organic Reactions 507A
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Catalysis of Organic Reactions 509K
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Catalysis of Organic Reactions 511T
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514 Keyword Indexcarboncarbon dioxi
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516 Keyword Indexethanolamine 16 13
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518 Keyword IndexNi, activated 25 2
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520 Keyword Indexsuccinimido ketone
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