Crop yield response to water - Cra

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• typical crops with representative soil and irrigation management conditions, as needed torun AquaCrop.ApproachAquaCrop outputs may be the input of water allocation optimization models that have strongeconomic and institutional components. Such models are needed to assist in the managementof water by institutions in charge of water governance. AquaCrop inputs would be particularlyvaluable in the event of a drought, where different scenarios are considered and yield/incomepredictions for the area are essential to make informed decisions when allocating limited supplies.One example of an application at the farm scale is given in García-Vila and Fereres (2012).ConclusionThese case studies are a small sample of the applications that may be possible to tackle withthe assistance of AquaCrop and illustrate the use of the simulation model. The exampleshave also illustrated the possibilities that AquaCrop offers for various types of users – namelyirrigation specialists, agricultural engineers and agronomists, agricultural extension personnel.Additional users include water engineers, hydrologists, and economists working at catchmentscale and climate scientists wanting to investigate the effect of different climate changescenarios on the water-use of various crops. There are many more applications of AquaCropthat may be used in practical ways and which will be revealed as users around the worldincorporate this simulation model in their assessments of crop yield response to water.ReferencesAnderson, W.K. & Smith, W.R. 1990. Yield advantage of two semi-dwarf compared with two tall wheats depends onsowing time. Australian Journal Agricultural Research, 41: 811-826.Asseng, S., Milroy, S. P. & Poole, M. L. 2008. Systems analysis of wheat production on low water-holding soils in aMediterranean-type environment I. Yield potential and quality. Field Crops Research, 105: 97-106.Calviño, P. & Sadras, V. 2002. On-farm assessment of constraints to wheat yield in the south-eastern Pampas. FieldCrops Research, 74:1-11.Connor, D.J., Theiveyanathan, S. & Rimmington, G.M. 1992. Development, growth, water-use and yield of a springand a winter wheat in response to time of sowing. Australian Journal Agricultural Research, 43: 493-516.Dimes, J., Cooper, P. & Rao, K.P.C. 2009. Climate change impact on crop productivity in the semi-arid tropicsof Zimbabwe in the twenty-first century. Proceedings of the Workshop on Increasing the Productivity andSustainability of Rainfed Cropping Systems of Poor, Smallholder Farmers, Tamale, Ghana, 22-25 September 2008.p189-198.FAO. 2009. ET o Calculator, land and water digital media Series No. 36., Rome.Farahani, H. J., Izzi, G. & Oweis, T.Y. 2009. Parameterization and Evaluation of the AquaCrop Model for Full andDeficit Irrigated Cotton. Agronomy Journal 101: 469-476.Fereres, E. & Soriano, M.A. 2007. Deficit irrigation for reducing agricultural water use. Journal of ExperimentalBotany 58(2): 147–159.García-Vila, M. & Fereres. E. 2012. Combining the simulation crop model AquaCrop with an economic model for theoptimization of irrigation management at farm level. European Journal of Agronomy, 36: 21-31.García-Vila, M., Fereres, E., Mateos, L., Orgaz, F. & Steduto, P. 2009. Deficit irrigation optimization of cotton withAquaCrop. Agronomy Journal 101: 477-487.Geerts, S., Raes, D., Garcia, M., Taboada, C., Miranda, R., Cusicanqui, J., Mhizha, T. & Vacher, J. 2009. Modellingthe potential for closing quinoa yield gaps under varying water availability in the Bolivian Altiplano. AgriculturalWater Management 96: 1652–1658.Heng, L.K., Asseng, S., Mejahed, K. & Rusan, M. 2007. Optimizing wheat productivity in two rainfed environmentsof the West Asia-North Africa region using a simulation model. European Journal of Agronomy, 26: 121-129.AQUACROP APPLICATIONS 67
Heng, L.K., Hsiao,T.C., Evett, S., Howell, T. & Steduto P. 2009.Validating the FAO AquaCrop Model for Irrigated andWater Deficient Field Maize. Agronomy Journal 101: 488-498.Loomis, R.S. & Connor, D.A. 1992. Crop ecology: productivity and management of agricultural systems. UK,Cambridge University Press. 538 p.Mainuddin, M., Hoanh, C.T., Jirayoot, K., Halls, A.S., Kirby, M., Lacombe, G. & Srinetr, V. 2010. Adaptation options toreduce the vulnerability of mekong water resources, food security and the environment to impacts of developmentand climate change. CSIRO: Water for a Healthy Country National Research Flagship. 152 pp.Photiades, I. & Hadjichristodoulou, A. 1984. Sowing date, sowing depth, seed rate and row spacing of wheat andbarley under dryland conditions. Field Crops Research, 9: 151-162.Rinaldi, M. 2004. Water availability at sowing and nitrogen management of durum wheat: a seasonal analysis withthe CERES-Wheat model. Field Crops Research 89: 27-37.Stapper, M. & Harris, H.C. 1989. Assessing the productivity of wheat genotypes in a Mediterranean climate, using acrop simulation model. Field Crops Research, 20: 129-152.Steduto, P., Hsiao, T.C., Raes, D. & Fereres, E. 2009. AquaCrop – the FAO crop model to simulate yield response towater: I. Concepts and underlying principles. Agronomy Journal. 101: 426–437.Todorovic, M., Albrizio,R., Zivotic, L., Abi Saab, M.T., Stockle, C. & Steduto, P. 2009. Assessment of AquaCrop,CropSyst, and WOFOST Models in the Simulation of Sunflower Growth under Different Water Regimes. AgronomyJournal 101: 509-521.Tolk, J.A. & Howell, T.A. 2001. Measured and simulated evapo-transpiration of grain sorghum with full and limitedirrigation in three High Plains soils.Trans. ASAE, 44: 1553–1558.Vanuytrecht, E., Raes, D. & Willems, P. 2011. Considering sink strength to model crop production under elevatedatmospheric CO 2 . Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 151: 1753– 1762.68crop yield response to water
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Crop yieldresponse to waterFAOIRRIG
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1. IntroductionFood production and
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Lead AuthorsMartin Smith(formerly F
Page 31: 3. Yield response to waterof herbac
Page 40 and 41: The WP parameter introduced in Aqua
Page 43 and 44: figure 7 The root zone depicted as
Page 47 and 48: threshold and 1.0 at the lower thre
Page 50 and 51: also calculated by multiplying with
Page 53: FIGURE 14 Schematic representation
Page 57 and 58: figure 17ClimateInput data defining
Page 59 and 60: Table 1 Conservative crop parameter
Page 62: figure 18 The Main AquaCrop menu.di
Page 67: Applications to Irrigation Manageme
Page 72: Box 1 Simulating deficit irrigation
Page 75 and 76: for each planting date. If there ar
Page 77: ox 2 (CONTINUED)FIGURE 1 Difference
Page 88 and 89: Table 2Additional information and d
Page 90 and 91: capacity (FC) and permanent wilting
Page 95 and 96: densities. This range is referred t
Page 97 and 98: Table 3Comparison of simulated with
Page 99 and 100: In Equation 3 C a is the mean air C
Page 102: REFERENCESAllen, R., Pereira, L., R
Page 107 and 108: Lead AuthorSenthold Asseng(formerly
Page 109 and 110: Figure 1 World wheat harvested area
Page 113 and 114: When nutrition is limiting, yield p
Page 116: wheat 101
Page 120 and 121: Figure 1 World rice harvested area
Page 123: Response to StressesBecause rice ev
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Lead AuthorTheodore C. Hsiao(Univer
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emergence to flowering is about 65
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ReferencesAyers, R.S. & Westcot, D.
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Figure 1 World soybean harvested ar
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A number of studies indicate that s
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ReferencesBhatia, V.S., Piara Singh
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Figure 1 World barley harvested are
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Barley development may be thought o
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The seasonal water requirements for
Page 159 and 160:
Lead AuthorSuhas P. Wani(ICRISAT, A
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sowing usually starts in late Septe
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loss. If water stress is severe eno
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ReferencesFAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online
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Figure 1 World cotton harvested are
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Response to StressesCotton stands o
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FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database,
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spring. In double cropping, sowing
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size as affected by soil water defi
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sunflower 171
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to produce energy (electricity from
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Response to stressLow temperatureSu
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Sugarcane 181
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Figure 1 World potato harvested are
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initiation, vigorous canopy, profus
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ReferencesBradshaw, J.E. 2009. A ge
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Tomato requires soils with proper w
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and there is frequent wetting of ex
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is so excessive that fruit setting
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Lead AuthorsMichele Rinaldi(CRA, Ba
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North Africa and near East ranges f
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Water use & ProductivitySugar beets
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ReferencesAllen, R.G., Pereira, L.S
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Figure 1 Alfalfa harvested area (SA
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Water use & ProductivityAs a perenn
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SalinityAlfalfa is tolerant to rela
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Lead AuthorAsha Karunaratne(formerl
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Generally, the growing season begin
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FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database,
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*Flower and grain colour presented
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Figure 1 World quinoa harvested are
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with typical values around 10.5 g/m
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ReferencesAlvarez-Jubete, L., Arend
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Growth and developmentThe common me
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soils (EARO, 2002). Tef has some to
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tef 243
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Lead AuthorsElias Fereres(Universit
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equirements per unit land area for
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figure 6 The water balance of an or
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ox 2 Understanding the transpiratio
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Orchard transpirationTree Tr is det
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ox 4 Sample calculation of E dz , E
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ox 5 Computing olive tree transpira
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FIGURE 10 Crop coefficient (K c ) c
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For training systems on a vertical
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ox 7Consumptive and non-consumptive
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are seeking more precision in their
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ox 9 Examples of soil water monitor
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ox 10 (CONTINUED)The major limitati
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ox 12Definition of CWSI and an exam
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The water budget methodWith this me
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ox 15 Evolution of soil water under
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opening and photosynthesis relative
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that occur during the periods of fr
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The crop, where price can vary more
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Modify horticultural practicesPruni
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FIGURE 13Comparison of yield per un
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season. Thus the risks of salinity
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4.1 Fruit trees and vinesEditor:Eli
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Figure 1 Production trends for oliv
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Figure 2Occurrence and duration of
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The use of displacement sensors to
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Figure 4 Relationship between relat
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Table 3 Sample calculation of month
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clayey soils. If supply is very lim
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Lead AuthorDavid A. Goldhamer(forme
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Fruit growth during this stage is t
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Season-long stressSeveral studies h
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Table 1Published monthly crop coeff
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Four crop-water-production function
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size distribution toward more favou
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Lead AuthorSAmos Naor(GRI, Universi
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Apples tend to have a biennial bear
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water stress and thus highly respon
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indicate that deficit irrigation ad
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Figure 7Effect of midday light inte
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Figure 10Response of marketable fru
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Failla, O., Zocchi, Z., Treccani, C
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Figure 1 Production trends for plum
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soil water. In young orchards, post
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Figure 3 Relationships between rela
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ReferencesAllen, R.G., Pereira, L.S
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Figure 1 Production trends for almo
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FIGURE 2The three stages of almond
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Figure 3Differences in the cultivar
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Indicators of tree water statusTo p
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nuts are rapidly expanding and late
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ReferencesAyars, J.E., Johnson, R.
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Table 2 (Continued)Year TreatmentWa
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Table 3 (continued)Potential900 mmA
Page 386 and 387:
Figure 1 Production trends for pear
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(Elkins et al., 2007). The appearan
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out in Spain under more common grow
Page 392 and 393:
Figure 4Relationships between the p
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Data in Figure 5 suggest that there
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e saved, but this causes a reductio
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pear 389
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Figure 1 Production trends for peac
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Figure 2bEvolution of vegetative (s
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The postharvest period is important
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the midday stem-water potential in
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PHOTOPeach leaf appearance under th
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FIGURE 5Relation between the crop c
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In applying RDI strategies an impor
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peach 407
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Figure 1 Production trends of walnu
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1 100 mm, a team in California appl
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Figure 1 Production trends for pist
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There are two types of shoot growth
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FIGURE 3Time course development of
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Stage III was the most stress sensi
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(see Chapter 4), as in other specie
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Table 2 Suggested RDI strategies fo
Page 437 and 438:
Lead AuthorSCristos Xiloyannis(Univ
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is completed within 20 days; therea
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or peach. However, because fruit is
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to a midday value varying between -
Page 446 and 447:
Lead AuthorRaúl Ferreyraand Gabrie
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The most critical developmental per
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Figure 4Effects of the level of app
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Lead AuthorJordi Marsal(IRTA, Lleid
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water stress should not be imposed
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Under certain growing conditions, s
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ReferencesAntunez A., Stockle, C. &
Page 463 and 464:
Lead AuthorSVictor O. Sadras(SARDI
Page 465 and 466:
Current season inflorescences becom
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the actual timing of each critical
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environments, rainfall pulses and l
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Figure 6Yield reduction with increa
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Table 3Yield and yield components o
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Figure 9Wine quality score as a fun
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Figure 11Wine attributes of Tempran
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(McCarthy and Coombe, 1999), but ev
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Figure 15Relative yield as a functi
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Shiraz, Grenache and Mourvèdre in
Page 487 and 488:
Girona, J., Mata, M., del Campo, J.
Page 491 and 492:
Lead AuthorSCristos Xiloyannis(Univ
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Figure 2Seasonal pattern of the lea
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Figure 5Fraction of the exposed and
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FIGURE 9Soil volume explored by roo
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Water Requirements and IrrigationMa
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5. EpilogueThis publication, Irriga
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operating systems (e.g., Linux, Uni
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Crop yield response to waterAbstrac
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