Crop yield response to water - Cra

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Users should change the first part (Project) of file name to identify the particular simulation,otherwise the next simulation would be automatically assigned the same default file nameand overwrite the files resulting from the preceding simulation. Daily simulation results arealso summarized as seasonal totals. The files are stored by default in the OUTP directoryof AquaCrop. The data in the files can be retrieved in spreadsheet programmes for furtherprocessing and analysis.REFERENCESAdams, J.E., Arkin, G.F. & Ritchie, J. T. 1976. Influence of row spacing and straw mulch on first stage drying. SoilScience Society American Journal 40: 436-442.Allen R.G., Pereira L.S., Raes D. & Smith M. 1998. Crop evapotranspiration. Guidelines for computing crop waterrequirements. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 56.Ayers, R.S. & Westcot, D.W. 1985. Water quality for agriculture. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 29. FAO,Rome.Bradford, K.J. & Hsiao, T.C. 1982. Physiological responses to moderate water stress. pages 264-324. In: Lange, O.R., P. S. Nobel, C.B. Osmond & H. Ziegler, eds. Encyclopedia Plant Physiol. New Series, Vol. 12B. Physiological PlantEcology II. Berlin, Springer-Verlag.de Wit, C.T. 1958. Transpiration and crop yields. Versl. Landbouwk. Onderz. 64.6 Institute of Biological ChemistryResearch On Field Crops and Herbage, Wageningen, The Netherlands.Doorenbos, J. & Kasssam, A.H. 1979. Yield response to Water. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 33. Rome, FAO.FAO, 2009. ET o Calculator, Land and Water Digital Media Series No. 36, Rome.Heng, L.K., Hsiao, T.C., Evett, S., Howell, T. & Steduto, P. 2009. Validating the FAO Aquacrop model for irrigated andwater deficient field maize. Agronomy Journal 101:488-498.Hsiao, T.C. & Bradford K.J. 1983. Physiological consequences of cellular water deficits. In: Taylor H.M., Jordan, W.A.,Sinclair, T.R., eds. Limitations to efficient water use in crop production. Madison, Wisconsin, USA, ASA, pp. 227–265.Hsiao, T.C., Lee H., Steduto, B., Basilio, R.L., Raes, D. & Fereres, E. 2009. Aquacrop - The FAO crop model to simulateyield response to water: III. Parameterization and testing for maize. Agronomy Journal 101:448–459.Hsiao, T.C. & Xu, L.K. 2000. Sensitivity of growth of roots vs. leaves to water stress: biophysical analysis and relationto water transport. Journal of Experimental Botany 51: 1595-1616.McMaster, G.S. & Wilhelm, W.W. 1997. Growing degree-days: one equation, two interpretations. Agricultural andForestry Meteorology, 87: 291-300.Raes, D., Steduto, P., Hsiao, T.C., & Fereres, E. 2009. Aquacrop - The FAO Crop Model to Simulate Yield Response toWater: II. Main Algorithms and Software Description. Agronomy Journal 101:438–447.Raes, D., Steduto, P., Hsiao, T.C. & Fereres, E. 2011. Aquacrop – Reference Manual. Available at:http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquacrop.htmlSteduto P. & Albrizio R., 2005. Resource use efficiency of field-grown sunflower, sorghum, wheat and chickpea- II. Water use efficiency and comparison with radiation use efficiency. Journal of Agricultural And ForestMeteorology, 130 (3-4), 269-281.Steduto P., Hsiao, T.C. & Fereres, E. 2007. On the conservative behavior of biomass water productivity. IrrigationScience, 25:189–207.Steduto, P., Hsiao, T.C., Raes, D. & Fereres, E. 2009. Aquacrop - The FAO Crop Model to Simulate Yield Response toWater: I. Concepts and Underlying Principles. Agronomy Journal, 101:426–437.Tanner C.B. & Sinclair T.R. 1983. Efficient water use in crop production: research or re-search? In: Taylor H.M., JordanW.A., Sinclair T.R. (eds) Limitations to efficient water use in crop production. Madison, Wisconsin, USA, ASA, pp1–27.Villalobos, F. J. & Fereres, E. 1990. Evaporation measurements beneath corn, cotton, and sunflower canopies.Agronomy Journal 82:1153-1159.AquaCrop: concepts, rationale and operation 49
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Crop yieldresponse to waterFAOIRRIG
Page 16 and 17: 1. IntroductionFood production and
Page 21: Lead AuthorsMartin Smith(formerly F
Page 31: 3. Yield response to waterof herbac
Page 40 and 41: The WP parameter introduced in Aqua
Page 43 and 44: figure 7 The root zone depicted as
Page 47 and 48: threshold and 1.0 at the lower thre
Page 50 and 51: also calculated by multiplying with
Page 53: FIGURE 14 Schematic representation
Page 57 and 58: figure 17ClimateInput data defining
Page 59 and 60: Table 1 Conservative crop parameter
Page 62: figure 18 The Main AquaCrop menu.di
Page 71 and 72: conducted (and saved to disk) to re
Page 74 and 75: Applications related to agronomy an
Page 76 and 77: Box 2 (CONTINUED)A common soil for
Page 82 and 83: • typical crops with representat
Page 84: AQUACROP APPLICATIONS 69
Page 89 and 90: Location and User Specific Paramete
Page 91: eginning of flowering, to the begin
Page 96 and 97: After LAI of the planting is estima
Page 98 and 99: line portion of near constant slope
Page 100: depletion) in AquaCrop. Depending o
Page 104: 3.4 Herbaceous cropsEditor:Theodore
Page 108 and 109: with the lower densities being used
Page 110: TAbLE 1Duration of the main phenolo
Page 114:
minimize water deficits during the
Page 119 and 120:
Lead AuthorBas A.M. Bouman(IRRI, Lo
Page 121:
historically grown under shifting c
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and 6-8 tonne/ha in the wet season.
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Figure 1 World maize harvested area
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estricted transpiration rate. Contr
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maize 121
Page 143 and 144:
can continue to grow after this. Ma
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flowering. Irrigation during pod fi
Page 149 and 150:
Lead AuthorRoxana Savin(University
Page 151 and 152:
two cereals are scarce, one of the
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the onset of stem elongation to the
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ReferencesAbeledo, L.G., Calderini,
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Figure 1 Typical developmental stag
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15 °C, grain sorghum takes 250 to
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at flowering would inhibit pollinat
Page 169 and 170:
Lead AuthorSteven R. Evett(USDA-ARS
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Table 1Days for development stage b
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from 0.65 to 1.3 tonne/ha for surfa
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Lead AuthorsMargarita Garcia-Vila(U
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genotypes to photoperiod is variabl
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Irrigation practiceSunflower is gro
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Figure 1 World sugarcane harvested
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The stalk is composed of an immatur
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Yield and harvest indexCommercial y
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Lead AuthorRoberto Quiroz(CIP, Lima
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quinoa, or vegetables as in the And
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ecommended fertilization rates rang
Page 208 and 209:
Figure 1 World tomato harvested are
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Tomato flowers develop from buds si
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nil at EC e of 13 dS/m in some stud
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TOMATO 199
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Figure 1 World sugar beet harvested
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TAbLE 1Phenology of sugar beet in s
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thinning. As mentioned, excessive n
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SUGAR BEET 209
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death is mainly caused by competiti
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y the requirement set by transpirat
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ReferencesAsseng, S. & Hsiao, T.C.
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Figure 1 World bambara groundnut ha
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temperatures clearly influence repr
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BAMBARA GROUNDNUT 227
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Lead AuthorSam Geerts(KU Leuven Uni
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physiological maturity varies betwe
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(Bertero et al., 2000; Jacobsen and
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Lead AuthorAlemtsehay Tsegay(Mekell
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about 55 days or more after plantin
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Hirut, K., Johnson, R.C. & Ferris,
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Yield response to waterof fruit tre
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techniques; d) relations between yi
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has been such that wherever farmers
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tasted better than those from fully
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The orchard ET processThe ET c from
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The model AquaCrop computes E for t
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(8) Tr cc = K cc ET o f ccWhere, f
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ox 5 (CONTINUED)F 2 VALUES (Norther
Page 281 and 282:
ox 6 Examples for determining ET of
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Determining irrigation requirements
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ox 8 Spatial relation between the d
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accurately determine volumetric soi
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ox 10 This page: Examples of the di
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ox 11 Reference values of stem-wate
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A major advantage of the canopy tem
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The water budget technique is very
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high sensitivity level, as discusse
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of crop responses to water deficits
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ox 18 Generalized relationships bet
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ox 19 (CONTINUED)(b) In the second
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Figure 12Patterns of seasonal appli
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figure 14Response of an almond orch
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Additional ReadingFollowing are a n
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Lead AuthorSRiccardo Gucci,(Univers
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in the first years of production (t
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Because olives flower late, the ris
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Table 1b Summary of recommended oli
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Table 2 Relative yield and gross re
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Figure 5Hypothetical seasonal cours
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ReferencesAngelopulos, K., Dichio,
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Early vegetative and reproductive g
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Summer stressDuring this period of
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almond had its highest Gl of close
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Water Production FunctionsThe two p
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Figure 3aCrop-water production func
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Goldhamer, D. A. & Salinas, M. 2000
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Figure 1 Production trends for appl
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division, and that limitation of po
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oth irrigation level and crop load.
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Figure 6Seasonal reference ET o cro
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Figure 8 Water production function
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Table 2 Apple orchard water require
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Lead AuthorSDiego S. Intrigliolo,Ju
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The fruit with fleshy pericarp is c
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Figure 2 Relationships between aver
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Suggested Deficit Irrigation Strate
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Lead AuthorDavid A. Goldhamer(forme
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Early Vegetative and Reproductive g
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The research results on preharvest
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Much less work has been done on the
Page 376 and 377:
Figure 5 shows that with mild defic
Page 378 and 379:
FIGURE 6Relationships between appli
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Table 2 Irrigation management, yiel
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Table 3 Suggested RDI strategies fo
Page 385 and 386:
Lead AuthorJordi Marsal(IRTA, Lleid
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Figure 2Reproductive growth of pear
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Figure 3Effects of postharvest irri
Page 391 and 392:
Table 1Crop coefficients relative t
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same cultivar but used in Italy and
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notice that this was the case for B
Page 397 and 398:
REFERENCESAllen, R.G., Pereira, L.S
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Lead AuthorSJoan Girona(IRTA, Lleid
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Description of the stages of develo
Page 404 and 405:
Figure 3(a): Relationship between a
Page 406 and 407:
several others since that time have
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BOXDetecting water stress in peachA
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Water RequirementsThe water use rat
Page 412 and 413:
Figure 6Relation between relative y
Page 414 and 415:
Johnson, R.S. & Phene, B.C. 2008. F
Page 417 and 418:
Page 419 and 420:
production recovery from severe wat
Page 422 and 423:
Page 424 and 425:
Description of the stages of develo
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used to collect the nuts, which are
Page 428 and 429:
yield of marketable product (split
Page 430 and 431:
Figure 4Total tree nut load for tre
Page 433 and 434:
Figure 6Production function develop
Page 435:
ReferencesAydın, Y. 2004. The effe
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Figure 1 Production trends for apri
Page 440 and 441:
Responses to Water DeficitsIn areas
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Figure 4Apricot (cv. Búlida) shoot
Page 444:
apricot 439
Page 447 and 448:
Figure 1 Production trends for avoc
Page 449 and 450:
Stem-water potential (SWP) values a
Page 451:
ReferencesFaber, B., Apaia, M. & M.
Page 454 and 455:
Figure 1 Production trends for swee
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Figure 4Daily patterns of sunlit le
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season (Marsal, 2010). However, the
Page 460:
sweet CHERRY 457
Page 464 and 465:
Figure 1 Grape production between 1
Page 466 and 467:
Table 1Key vegetative and reproduct
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Figure 3Plasticity of flowering of
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In common with most crops, tissue e
Page 472 and 473:
minimal4season 1 (l h -1 )4eason 1
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Table 4Yield, fruit sugar concentra
Page 476 and 477:
Figure 10Negative associations betw
Page 478 and 479:
Table 5Sensory evaluation of experi
Page 480 and 481:
FIGURE 14Seasonal dynamics of crop
Page 482:
Box 2 Crop and soil measurements to
Page 486 and 487:
ReferencesAlmenberg, J. & Dreber, A
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Petrie, P.R. & Sadras, V.O. 2008. A
Page 492 and 493:
Figure 1 Production trends for kiwi
Page 494 and 495:
Figure 3Evolution of the LAI in A.
Page 496 and 497:
Figure 7Schematic representation of
Page 498 and 499:
water content is high enough to avo
Page 500 and 501:
REFERENCESClearwater, M.J., Lowe, R
Page 502 and 503:
attention to rough estimations or a
Page 504 and 505:
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