Crop yield response to water - Cra

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figure 17ClimateInput data defining the environment in which the crop develops.Weather data collected at field or from agro-meteorological stations• Minimum and maximum air temperatureCrop• ET o• Rainfall• CO 2concentrationsMauna Loa Observatory(Hawaii)ET o calculatorCalibrated and validated crop characteristics from data bankAdjust cultivar specific and less conservative parametersSoilManagementSoil profile characteristics• Field observations• Default values in data bank• Pedo transfer functions• SalinityCharacteristics of groundwater table• Depth below soil surface• Salinitysoil textureField management practices• Soil fertility level• Practices that affect the soil water balanceIrrigation management practices• Irrigation method• Application depth and time of irrigation events• Salinity of the irrigation waterClimate dataFor each day of the simulation period, AquaCrop requires minimum (T n ) and maximum (T x ) airtemperature, rainfall, and reference evapotranspiration (ET o ) as a measure of the evaporativedemand of the atmosphere. Further, the yearly mean atmospheric CO 2 concentration has tobe known.For consistency and as the standard, ET o is to be calculated using the Penman-Monteithequation (Allen et al., 1998), from full daily weather data sets. The full data set consists ofradiation, T x and T n , wind run or speed, and humidity, all daily. An ET o calculator, a free publicdomain software, is available from the FAO website for the calculation (FAO, 2009). Thecalculator accepts weather data given in a wide variety of units. In the absence of full dailydata set, the calculator can also estimate ET o from 10-day or monthly mean data, and makeapproximations when one or several kinds of the required weather data are missing. Thismakes it possible for a user to run rough simulations even when the weather data are minimal.42crop yield response to water
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Crop yieldresponse to waterFAOIRRIG
Page 16 and 17: 1. IntroductionFood production and
Page 21: Lead AuthorsMartin Smith(formerly F
Page 31: 3. Yield response to waterof herbac
Page 40 and 41: The WP parameter introduced in Aqua
Page 43 and 44: figure 7 The root zone depicted as
Page 47 and 48: threshold and 1.0 at the lower thre
Page 50 and 51: also calculated by multiplying with
Page 53: FIGURE 14 Schematic representation
Page 58 and 59: Care must be taken, however, to avo
Page 60: It should be emphasized that for te
Page 64: Users should change the first part
Page 71 and 72: conducted (and saved to disk) to re
Page 74 and 75: Applications related to agronomy an
Page 76 and 77: Box 2 (CONTINUED)A common soil for
Page 82 and 83: • typical crops with representat
Page 84: AQUACROP APPLICATIONS 69
Page 89 and 90: Location and User Specific Paramete
Page 91: eginning of flowering, to the begin
Page 96 and 97: After LAI of the planting is estima
Page 98 and 99: line portion of near constant slope
Page 100: depletion) in AquaCrop. Depending o
Page 104: 3.4 Herbaceous cropsEditor:Theodore
Page 108 and 109:
with the lower densities being used
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TAbLE 1Duration of the main phenolo
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minimize water deficits during the
Page 119 and 120:
Lead AuthorBas A.M. Bouman(IRRI, Lo
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historically grown under shifting c
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and 6-8 tonne/ha in the wet season.
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Figure 1 World maize harvested area
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estricted transpiration rate. Contr
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maize 121
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can continue to grow after this. Ma
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flowering. Irrigation during pod fi
Page 149 and 150:
Lead AuthorRoxana Savin(University
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two cereals are scarce, one of the
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the onset of stem elongation to the
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ReferencesAbeledo, L.G., Calderini,
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Figure 1 Typical developmental stag
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15 °C, grain sorghum takes 250 to
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at flowering would inhibit pollinat
Page 169 and 170:
Lead AuthorSteven R. Evett(USDA-ARS
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Table 1Days for development stage b
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from 0.65 to 1.3 tonne/ha for surfa
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Lead AuthorsMargarita Garcia-Vila(U
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genotypes to photoperiod is variabl
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Irrigation practiceSunflower is gro
Page 190 and 191:
Figure 1 World sugarcane harvested
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The stalk is composed of an immatur
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Yield and harvest indexCommercial y
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Lead AuthorRoberto Quiroz(CIP, Lima
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quinoa, or vegetables as in the And
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ecommended fertilization rates rang
Page 208 and 209:
Figure 1 World tomato harvested are
Page 210 and 211:
Tomato flowers develop from buds si
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nil at EC e of 13 dS/m in some stud
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TOMATO 199
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Figure 1 World sugar beet harvested
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TAbLE 1Phenology of sugar beet in s
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thinning. As mentioned, excessive n
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SUGAR BEET 209
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death is mainly caused by competiti
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y the requirement set by transpirat
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ReferencesAsseng, S. & Hsiao, T.C.
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Figure 1 World bambara groundnut ha
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temperatures clearly influence repr
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BAMBARA GROUNDNUT 227
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Lead AuthorSam Geerts(KU Leuven Uni
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physiological maturity varies betwe
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(Bertero et al., 2000; Jacobsen and
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Lead AuthorAlemtsehay Tsegay(Mekell
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about 55 days or more after plantin
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Hirut, K., Johnson, R.C. & Ferris,
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Yield response to waterof fruit tre
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techniques; d) relations between yi
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has been such that wherever farmers
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tasted better than those from fully
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The orchard ET processThe ET c from
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The model AquaCrop computes E for t
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(8) Tr cc = K cc ET o f ccWhere, f
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ox 5 (CONTINUED)F 2 VALUES (Norther
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ox 6 Examples for determining ET of
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Determining irrigation requirements
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ox 8 Spatial relation between the d
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accurately determine volumetric soi
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ox 10 This page: Examples of the di
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ox 11 Reference values of stem-wate
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A major advantage of the canopy tem
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The water budget technique is very
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high sensitivity level, as discusse
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of crop responses to water deficits
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ox 18 Generalized relationships bet
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ox 19 (CONTINUED)(b) In the second
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Figure 12Patterns of seasonal appli
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figure 14Response of an almond orch
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Additional ReadingFollowing are a n
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Lead AuthorSRiccardo Gucci,(Univers
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in the first years of production (t
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Because olives flower late, the ris
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Table 1b Summary of recommended oli
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Table 2 Relative yield and gross re
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Figure 5Hypothetical seasonal cours
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ReferencesAngelopulos, K., Dichio,
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Early vegetative and reproductive g
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Summer stressDuring this period of
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almond had its highest Gl of close
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Water Production FunctionsThe two p
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Figure 3aCrop-water production func
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Goldhamer, D. A. & Salinas, M. 2000
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Figure 1 Production trends for appl
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division, and that limitation of po
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oth irrigation level and crop load.
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Figure 6Seasonal reference ET o cro
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Figure 8 Water production function
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Table 2 Apple orchard water require
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Lead AuthorSDiego S. Intrigliolo,Ju
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The fruit with fleshy pericarp is c
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Figure 2 Relationships between aver
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Suggested Deficit Irrigation Strate
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Lead AuthorDavid A. Goldhamer(forme
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Early Vegetative and Reproductive g
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The research results on preharvest
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Much less work has been done on the
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Figure 5 shows that with mild defic
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FIGURE 6Relationships between appli
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Table 2 Irrigation management, yiel
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Table 3 Suggested RDI strategies fo
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Lead AuthorJordi Marsal(IRTA, Lleid
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Figure 2Reproductive growth of pear
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Figure 3Effects of postharvest irri
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Table 1Crop coefficients relative t
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same cultivar but used in Italy and
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notice that this was the case for B
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REFERENCESAllen, R.G., Pereira, L.S
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Lead AuthorSJoan Girona(IRTA, Lleid
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Description of the stages of develo
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Figure 3(a): Relationship between a
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several others since that time have
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BOXDetecting water stress in peachA
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Water RequirementsThe water use rat
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Figure 6Relation between relative y
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Johnson, R.S. & Phene, B.C. 2008. F
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production recovery from severe wat
Page 422 and 423:
Page 424 and 425:
Description of the stages of develo
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used to collect the nuts, which are
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yield of marketable product (split
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Figure 4Total tree nut load for tre
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Figure 6Production function develop
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ReferencesAydın, Y. 2004. The effe
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Figure 1 Production trends for apri
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Responses to Water DeficitsIn areas
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Figure 4Apricot (cv. Búlida) shoot
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apricot 439
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Figure 1 Production trends for avoc
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Stem-water potential (SWP) values a
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ReferencesFaber, B., Apaia, M. & M.
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Figure 1 Production trends for swee
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Figure 4Daily patterns of sunlit le
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season (Marsal, 2010). However, the
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sweet CHERRY 457
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Figure 1 Grape production between 1
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Table 1Key vegetative and reproduct
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Figure 3Plasticity of flowering of
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In common with most crops, tissue e
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minimal4season 1 (l h -1 )4eason 1
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Table 4Yield, fruit sugar concentra
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Figure 10Negative associations betw
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Table 5Sensory evaluation of experi
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FIGURE 14Seasonal dynamics of crop
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Box 2 Crop and soil measurements to
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ReferencesAlmenberg, J. & Dreber, A
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Petrie, P.R. & Sadras, V.O. 2008. A
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Figure 1 Production trends for kiwi
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Figure 3Evolution of the LAI in A.
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Figure 7Schematic representation of
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water content is high enough to avo
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REFERENCESClearwater, M.J., Lowe, R
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attention to rough estimations or a
Page 504 and 505:
FAO IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE PAPERS1
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