Crop yield response to water - Cra

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Lead AuthorSCristos Xiloyannis(Università degli studi dellaBasilicata, Potenza, Italy),Giuseppe Montanaro(Università degli studi dellaBasilicata, Potenza, Italy)KiwifruitContributing AuthorBartolomeo Dichio(Università degli studi dellaBasilicata, Potenza, Italy)Introduction and BackgroundGlobally, the green kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa [A.Chev.] C.F. Liangand A.R. Ferguson), represents about 95 percent of the commercialkiwifruit, all produced with just one variety, Hayward. Otherspecies, such as Actinidia arguta (known as baby kiwi) is grown for a nichemarket and is also recognized for ornamental purposes. Only recently,some yellow fleshed varieties that originated in in New Zealand and Italy(Actinidia chinensis Planch.) have appeared on the international markets.The main training systems adopted for the kiwifruit are the T-bar and thePergola, with plantation densities ranging from 400-600 (Pergola) up to720 plant/ha (T-bar). Canopy management should focus on determining theappropriate bud load (150 000 -200 000 bud/ha) in winter and on maximizingthe carbon budget during the growing season by reducing the amountof shaded leaves by summer pruning (Xiloyannis et al., 1999). This in turnenhances light availability within the canopy improving fruit growth andsome fruit quality traits (e.g. calcium content, Montanaro et al., 2006).As for pistachio, kiwifruit needs male plants to produce pollen for thefemale. The standard male to female plant ratio adopted is 1:6. Distributionof male plants is important to ensure pollination and adequate fruit sizeand yield. The use of bee hives or artificial pollen distribution during bloomis recommended.Total global production in 2008 was 1.31 tonne, on 82 547 ha productionarea (FAO, 2011). Italy is the first producing country in the world (36 percent)followed by New Zealand (28 percent) and Chile (13 percent). However,these statistics do not include China, whose production has been estimatedat 403 000 tonne of fruit in 2004 (about 65 000 ha producing area). Figure 1presents the production trends of the main countries since 1985.In addition to the green cultivar Hayward, a recent review describes thenew cultivars of A. deliciosa and A. chinensis (yellow fleshed), which havebeen recently selected and released (Testolin and Ferguson, 2009).488crop yield response to water
Page 3:
Crop yieldresponse to waterFAOIRRIG
Page 16 and 17:
1. IntroductionFood production and
Page 21:
Lead AuthorsMartin Smith(formerly F
Page 31:
3. Yield response to waterof herbac
Page 40 and 41:
The WP parameter introduced in Aqua
Page 43 and 44:
figure 7 The root zone depicted as
Page 47 and 48:
threshold and 1.0 at the lower thre
Page 50 and 51:
also calculated by multiplying with
Page 53:
FIGURE 14 Schematic representation
Page 57 and 58:
figure 17ClimateInput data defining
Page 59 and 60:
Table 1 Conservative crop parameter
Page 62:
figure 18 The Main AquaCrop menu.di
Page 67:
Applications to Irrigation Manageme
Page 72:
Box 1 Simulating deficit irrigation
Page 75 and 76:
for each planting date. If there ar
Page 77:
ox 2 (CONTINUED)FIGURE 1 Difference
Page 83 and 84:
Heng, L.K., Hsiao,T.C., Evett, S.,
Page 88 and 89:
Table 2Additional information and d
Page 90 and 91:
capacity (FC) and permanent wilting
Page 95 and 96:
densities. This range is referred t
Page 97 and 98:
Table 3Comparison of simulated with
Page 99 and 100:
In Equation 3 C a is the mean air C
Page 102:
REFERENCESAllen, R., Pereira, L., R
Page 107 and 108:
Lead AuthorSenthold Asseng(formerly
Page 109 and 110:
Figure 1 World wheat harvested area
Page 113 and 114:
When nutrition is limiting, yield p
Page 116:
wheat 101
Page 120 and 121:
Figure 1 World rice harvested area
Page 123:
Response to StressesBecause rice ev
Page 129 and 130:
Lead AuthorTheodore C. Hsiao(Univer
Page 132 and 133:
emergence to flowering is about 65
Page 135 and 136:
ReferencesAyers, R.S. & Westcot, D.
Page 140:
Figure 1 World soybean harvested ar
Page 144 and 145:
A number of studies indicate that s
Page 146:
ReferencesBhatia, V.S., Piara Singh
Page 150 and 151:
Figure 1 World barley harvested are
Page 152:
Barley development may be thought o
Page 155 and 156:
The seasonal water requirements for
Page 159 and 160:
Lead AuthorSuhas P. Wani(ICRISAT, A
Page 161:
sowing usually starts in late Septe
Page 164 and 165:
loss. If water stress is severe eno
Page 166:
ReferencesFAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online
Page 170:
Figure 1 World cotton harvested are
Page 173:
Response to StressesCotton stands o
Page 176:
FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database,
Page 181 and 182:
spring. In double cropping, sowing
Page 183 and 184:
size as affected by soil water defi
Page 186:
sunflower 171
Page 191 and 192:
to produce energy (electricity from
Page 193 and 194:
Response to stressLow temperatureSu
Page 196:
Sugarcane 181
Page 200 and 201:
Figure 1 World potato harvested are
Page 202 and 203:
initiation, vigorous canopy, profus
Page 204:
ReferencesBradshaw, J.E. 2009. A ge
Page 209 and 210:
Tomato requires soils with proper w
Page 211 and 212:
and there is frequent wetting of ex
Page 213 and 214:
is so excessive that fruit setting
Page 217 and 218:
Lead AuthorsMichele Rinaldi(CRA, Ba
Page 219 and 220:
North Africa and near East ranges f
Page 221 and 222:
Water use & ProductivitySugar beets
Page 223 and 224:
ReferencesAllen, R.G., Pereira, L.S
Page 228 and 229:
Figure 1 Alfalfa harvested area (SA
Page 231 and 232:
Water use & ProductivityAs a perenn
Page 233 and 234:
SalinityAlfalfa is tolerant to rela
Page 237 and 238:
Lead AuthorAsha Karunaratne(formerl
Page 239 and 240:
Generally, the growing season begin
Page 241 and 242:
FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database,
Page 244 and 245:
*Flower and grain colour presented
Page 246 and 247:
Figure 1 World quinoa harvested are
Page 248 and 249:
with typical values around 10.5 g/m
Page 250:
ReferencesAlvarez-Jubete, L., Arend
Page 254 and 255:
Growth and developmentThe common me
Page 256 and 257:
soils (EARO, 2002). Tef has some to
Page 258:
tef 243
Page 261 and 262:
Lead AuthorsElias Fereres(Universit
Page 264:
equirements per unit land area for
Page 268 and 269:
figure 6 The water balance of an or
Page 270 and 271:
ox 2 Understanding the transpiratio
Page 272:
Orchard transpirationTree Tr is det
Page 276 and 277:
ox 4 Sample calculation of E dz , E
Page 278 and 279:
ox 5 Computing olive tree transpira
Page 280 and 281:
FIGURE 10 Crop coefficient (K c ) c
Page 282 and 283:
For training systems on a vertical
Page 284 and 285:
ox 7Consumptive and non-consumptive
Page 286 and 287:
are seeking more precision in their
Page 288 and 289:
ox 9 Examples of soil water monitor
Page 290 and 291:
ox 10 (CONTINUED)The major limitati
Page 292 and 293:
ox 12Definition of CWSI and an exam
Page 294 and 295:
The water budget methodWith this me
Page 296 and 297:
ox 15 Evolution of soil water under
Page 298 and 299:
opening and photosynthesis relative
Page 300 and 301:
that occur during the periods of fr
Page 302 and 303:
The crop, where price can vary more
Page 304:
Modify horticultural practicesPruni
Page 307 and 308:
FIGURE 13Comparison of yield per un
Page 309 and 310:
season. Thus the risks of salinity
Page 312:
4.1 Fruit trees and vinesEditor:Eli
Page 315 and 316:
Figure 1 Production trends for oliv
Page 317 and 318:
Figure 2Occurrence and duration of
Page 320 and 321:
The use of displacement sensors to
Page 322 and 323:
Figure 4 Relationship between relat
Page 324 and 325:
Table 3 Sample calculation of month
Page 326 and 327:
clayey soils. If supply is very lim
Page 329:
Lead AuthorDavid A. Goldhamer(forme
Page 332 and 333:
Fruit growth during this stage is t
Page 334 and 335:
Season-long stressSeveral studies h
Page 336 and 337:
Table 1Published monthly crop coeff
Page 339 and 340:
Four crop-water-production function
Page 341 and 342:
size distribution toward more favou
Page 344 and 345:
Lead AuthorSAmos Naor(GRI, Universi
Page 346 and 347:
Apples tend to have a biennial bear
Page 348 and 349:
water stress and thus highly respon
Page 351 and 352:
indicate that deficit irrigation ad
Page 353 and 354:
Figure 7Effect of midday light inte
Page 355 and 356:
Figure 10Response of marketable fru
Page 357:
Failla, O., Zocchi, Z., Treccani, C
Page 360 and 361:
Figure 1 Production trends for plum
Page 362 and 363:
soil water. In young orchards, post
Page 364 and 365:
Figure 3 Relationships between rela
Page 366:
ReferencesAllen, R.G., Pereira, L.S
Page 369 and 370:
Figure 1 Production trends for almo
Page 371 and 372:
FIGURE 2The three stages of almond
Page 373 and 374:
Figure 3Differences in the cultivar
Page 375 and 376:
Indicators of tree water statusTo p
Page 377 and 378:
nuts are rapidly expanding and late
Page 379 and 380:
ReferencesAyars, J.E., Johnson, R.
Page 381 and 382:
Table 2 (Continued)Year TreatmentWa
Page 383:
Table 3 (continued)Potential900 mmA
Page 386 and 387:
Figure 1 Production trends for pear
Page 388 and 389:
(Elkins et al., 2007). The appearan
Page 390 and 391:
out in Spain under more common grow
Page 392 and 393:
Figure 4Relationships between the p
Page 394 and 395:
Data in Figure 5 suggest that there
Page 396 and 397:
e saved, but this causes a reductio
Page 398:
pear 389
Page 401 and 402:
Figure 1 Production trends for peac
Page 403 and 404:
Figure 2bEvolution of vegetative (s
Page 405 and 406:
The postharvest period is important
Page 407 and 408:
the midday stem-water potential in
Page 409 and 410:
PHOTOPeach leaf appearance under th
Page 411 and 412:
FIGURE 5Relation between the crop c
Page 413 and 414:
In applying RDI strategies an impor
Page 415:
peach 407
Page 418 and 419:
Figure 1 Production trends of walnu
Page 420:
1 100 mm, a team in California appl
Page 423 and 424:
Figure 1 Production trends for pist
Page 425 and 426:
There are two types of shoot growth
Page 427 and 428:
FIGURE 3Time course development of
Page 429 and 430:
Stage III was the most stress sensi
Page 431:
(see Chapter 4), as in other specie
Page 434 and 435:
Table 2 Suggested RDI strategies fo
Page 437 and 438:
Lead AuthorSCristos Xiloyannis(Univ
Page 439 and 440: is completed within 20 days; therea
Page 441 and 442: or peach. However, because fruit is
Page 443 and 444: to a midday value varying between -
Page 446 and 447: Lead AuthorRaúl Ferreyraand Gabrie
Page 448 and 449: The most critical developmental per
Page 450 and 451: Figure 4Effects of the level of app
Page 453 and 454: Lead AuthorJordi Marsal(IRTA, Lleid
Page 455 and 456: water stress should not be imposed
Page 457 and 458: Under certain growing conditions, s
Page 459 and 460: ReferencesAntunez A., Stockle, C. &
Page 463 and 464: Lead AuthorSVictor O. Sadras(SARDI
Page 465 and 466: Current season inflorescences becom
Page 467 and 468: the actual timing of each critical
Page 469 and 470: environments, rainfall pulses and l
Page 471 and 472: Figure 6Yield reduction with increa
Page 473 and 474: Table 3Yield and yield components o
Page 475 and 476: Figure 9Wine quality score as a fun
Page 477 and 478: Figure 11Wine attributes of Tempran
Page 479 and 480: (McCarthy and Coombe, 1999), but ev
Page 481 and 482: Figure 15Relative yield as a functi
Page 484: Shiraz, Grenache and Mourvèdre in
Page 487 and 488: Girona, J., Mata, M., del Campo, J.
Page 492 and 493: Figure 1 Production trends for kiwi
Page 494 and 495: Figure 3Evolution of the LAI in A.
Page 496 and 497: Figure 7Schematic representation of
Page 498 and 499: water content is high enough to avo
Page 500 and 501: REFERENCESClearwater, M.J., Lowe, R
Page 502 and 503: attention to rough estimations or a
Page 504 and 505: FAO IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE PAPERS1
show all

Crop yield response to water - Cra

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?