ReferencesAlmenberg, J. & Dreber, A. 2009. When does the price affect the taste? Results from a wine experiment. AmericanAssociation of Wine Economists Working Paper 35.Arnold, R.A., Noble, A.C. & Single<strong>to</strong>n, V.L. 1980. Bitterness and astringency of phenolic fractions in wine. Journal ofAgricultural and Food Chemistry 28: 675-678.Aronson, J. & Ebeler, S.E. 2004. Effect of polyphenol compounds on the headspace volatility of flavors. AmericanJournal of Enology and Viticulture 55: 13-21.Aschmann, H. 1973. Distribution and peculiarity of Mediterranean ecosystems. In: Mediterranean type ecosystems(di Castri, F. & Mooney, H.A., eds), pp.11-19, Springer-Verlag.Baeza, P., Sánchez-de-Miguel, P., Centeno, A., Junquera, P., Linares, R. & Cifre, J., Bota, J., Escalona, J.M., Medrano,H. & Flexas, J. 2005. Physiological <strong>to</strong>ols for irrigation scheduling in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) An open gate <strong>to</strong>improve <strong>water</strong>-use efficiency? Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 106: 159-170.Bentzen, J. & Smith, V. 2009. Wine production in Denmark. Do the characteristics of the vineyards affect the chancesfor awards? Working Papers 09-21, University of Aarhus, Aarhus School of Business, Department of Economics.Bravdo, B., Hepner, Y., Loinger, C., Cohen, S. & Tabacman, H. 1985. Effect of irrigation and crop level on growth,<strong>yield</strong> and wine quality of Cabernet Sauvignon. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 36: 132-139.Brossaud, F., Chenier, V. & Noble, A.C. 2001. Bitterness and astringency of grape and wine polyphenols. AustralianJournal of Grape and Wine Research 7: 33-39.Castellarin, S.D., Matthews, M.A., Di Gaspero, G. & Gambetta, G.A. 2007. Water deficit accelerate ripening andinduce changes in gene expression regulating flavonoid biosynthesis in grape berries. Planta 227: 101-112.Chapman, D.M., Roby, G., Ebeler, S.E., Guinard, J.X. & Matthews, M.A. 2005. Sensory attributes of CabernetSauvignon wines made from vines with different <strong>water</strong> status. Journal of Grape and Wine Research 11: 339-347.Chris<strong>to</strong>ph, N., Bauer-Chris<strong>to</strong>ph, C., Geßner, M., Köhler, H.-J., Simat, T.J. & Hoenicke, K. 1998. Bildung von2-Aminoace<strong>to</strong>phenon und Formylaminoace<strong>to</strong>phenon im Wein durch Einwirkung von schwefliger Säure auf Indol-3-essigsäure. Viticulture Enology Science 53: 79-86.Cicchetti, D.V. & Cicchetti, A.F. 2009. Wine rating scales: Assessing their utility for producers, consumers, andoenologic researchers. International Journal of Wine Research 1: 73-83.Conde, C., Silva, P., Fontes, N., Dias, A.C.P., Tavares, R.M., Sousa, M.J., Agasse, A., Coombe, B.G. & Iland, P.G.2005. Grape berry development and winegrape quality. In: Dry, P.R., & Coombe, B.G., eds, Viticulture. Volume 1 -Resources, Winetitles. pp. 210-248.Coombe, B.G. 1995. Adoption of a system for identifying grapevine growth stages. Australian Journal of Grape andWine Research 1: 104-110.Dai, Z.W., Vivin, P., Barrieu, F., Ollat, N. & Delrot, S. 2010. Physiological and modelling approaches <strong>to</strong> understand<strong>water</strong> and carbon fluxes during grape berry growth and quality development: a review. Australian Journal ofGrape and Wine Research 16: 70-85.Du, T., Kang, S., Zhang, J., Li, F. & Hu, X. 2006. Yield and physiological <strong>response</strong>s of cot<strong>to</strong>n <strong>to</strong> partial root-zoneirrigation in the oasis field of northwest China. Agricultural Water Management 84: 41-52.Duchene, E. & Schneider, C. 2005. Grapevine and climatic changes: a glance at the situation in Alsace. Agronomy forSustainable Development 25: 93-99.Duchene, E., Huard, F., Dumas, V., Schneider, C. & Merdinoglu, D. 2010. The challenge of adapting grapevinevarieties <strong>to</strong> climate change. Climate Research 41: 193-204.Dunn G.M. 2005. Fac<strong>to</strong>rs that control flower formation in grapevines. In: Australian Society for Vitictulrure and OenologyWorkshop Proceedings - Transforming Flowers <strong>to</strong> Fruit, 11-18, Australian Society for Viticulture and Oenology.Dunn, G.M., Martin, S.R. & Petrie, P.R. 2005. Managing <strong>yield</strong> variation in vineyards. In: eds. Blair et al., TwelfthAustralian Wine Industry Conference, Australian Wine Industry Technical Conference Inc. pp. 51-56,Evans, R.G., Spayd, S.E., Wample, R.L., Kroeger, M.W., & Mahan, M.O. 1993. Water-use of Vitis vinifera grapes inWashing<strong>to</strong>n. Agricultural Water Management 23: 109-124.FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database, available at link http://faostat.fao.org/. Accessed on December 2009.Friend, A.P. & Trought, M.C. 2007. Delayed winter spur-pruning in New Zealand can alter <strong>yield</strong> components of Merlotgrapevines. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 13: 157-164.Fuller, P. & Walsh, B. 1999. Barossa Vintage Classification 1947-1998. Barossa Wine and Tourism Association.Hufnagel, J.C. & Hofmann, T. 2008. Orosensory-directed identification of astringent mouthfeel and bitter-tastingcompounds in red wine. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56: 1376-1386.grapevine 483
Girona, J., Mata, M., del Campo, J., Arbones, A., Bartra, E. & Marsal, J. 2006. The use of midday leaf <strong>water</strong> potentialfor scheduling deficit irrigation in vineyards. Irrigation Science 24: 115-127.Girona, J., Marsal, J., Mata, M., Del Campo, J. & Basile, B. 2009. Phenological sensitivity of berry growth andcomposition of Tempranillo grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) <strong>to</strong> <strong>water</strong> stress. Australian Journal of Grape and WineResearch 15: 268-277.Glads<strong>to</strong>nes, J.S. 1992. Viticulture and environment. Winetitles.Greven, M., Green, S., Neal, S., Clothier, B., Neal, M., Dryden, G. & Davidson, P. 2005. Regulated deficit irrigation(RDI) <strong>to</strong> save <strong>water</strong> and improve Sauvignon Blanc quality? Water Science and Technology 51: 9-17.Grimes, D.W. & Williams, L.E. 1990. Irrigation Effects on Plant Water Relations and Productivity of ThompsonSeedless Grapevines. <strong>Crop</strong> Science 30: 255-260.Gruber, B.R. & Schultz, H.R. 2005. Coupling of plant <strong>to</strong> soil <strong>water</strong> status at different vineyard sites. Acta Horticulturae689: 381-390.Intrigliolo, D.S. & Castel, J.R. 2006. Vine and soil-based measures of <strong>water</strong> status in a Tempranillo vineyard. Vitis 45:157-163.Intrigliolo, D. & Castel, J. 2007. Evaluation of grapevine <strong>water</strong> status from trunk diameter variations. IrrigationScience 26: 49-59.Intrigliolo, D.S. & Castel, J.R. 2008. Effects of irrigation on the performance of grapevine cv. Tempranillo in Requena,Spain. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 59: 30-38.Intrigliolo, D. & Castel, J. 2010. Response of grapevine cv. ‘Tempranillo’ <strong>to</strong> timing and amount of irrigation: <strong>water</strong>relations, vine growth, <strong>yield</strong> and berry and wine composition. Irrigation Science 28: 113-125.Linsenmeier, A.W., Loos, U. & Löhnertz, O. 2008. Must composition and nitrogen uptake in a long-term trial asaffected by timing of nitrogen fertilization in a cool-climate Riesling vineyard. American Journal of Enology andViticulture 59: 255-264.Matthews, M.A. & Anderson, M.M. 1988. Fruit Ripening in Vitis vinifera L.: Responses <strong>to</strong> Seasonal Water Deficits.American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 39: 313-320.Matthews, M.A., Thomas, T.R., & Shackel, K.A. 2009. Fruit ripening in Vitis vinifera L.: possible relation of veraison<strong>to</strong> turgor and berry softening. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 15: 278-283.McCarthy, M.G. 1997. Timing of <strong>water</strong> deficit on fruit development and composition of Vitis vinifera, cv. Shiraz.University of Adelaide. (PhD. Thesis)McCarthy, M.G. & Coombe, B.G. 1999. Water status and winegrape quality. Acta Horticulturae 171: 447-456.Messaoudi, Z. & El-Fellah, A. 2004. Optimisation de l’irrigation de la vigne dans le plateau de Meknès (Maroc).Cahiers Options Méditerranéennes 62: 197-201.Moller, M., Alchanatis, V., Cohen, Y., Meron, M., Tsipris, J., Naor, A., Ostrovsky, V., Sprintsin, M. & Cohen, S. 2007.Use of thermal and visible imagery for estimating crop <strong>water</strong> status of irrigated grapevine. Journal of ExperimentalBotany 58: 827-838.Morlat, R., Penavayre, M., Jacquet, A., Asselein, C. & Lemaitre, C. 1992. Influence des terroirs sur le fonctionnementhydrique et la pho<strong>to</strong>synthèse de la vigne en millésime exceptionellement sec 1990). Conséquence sur la maturationdu raisin. Journal International des Sciences dela Vigne et du Vin 26: 197-218.Netzer, Y., Yao, C.R., Shenker, M., Bravdo, B.A. & Schwartz, A. 2009. Water use and the development of seasonalcrop coefficients for Superior Seedless grapevines trained <strong>to</strong> an open-gable trellis system. Irrigation Science 27:109-120.Ojeda, H., Andari, C., Kraeva, E., Carbonneau, A. & Deloire, A. 2002. Influence of pre- and postveraison <strong>water</strong>deficit on synthesis and concentration of skin phenolic compounds during berry growth of Vitis vinifera cv. Shiraz.American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 53: 261-267.Pearce, I. & Coombe, B.G. 2005. Grapevine phenology. In: Dry, P.R. & Coombe, B.G., eds. Viticulture. Volume 1 -Resources, Winetitles. pp.150-166.Pellegrino, A., Lebon, E., Simonneau, T. & Wery, J. 2005. Towards a simple indica<strong>to</strong>r of <strong>water</strong> stress in grapevine(Vitis vinifera L.) based on the differential sensitivities of vegetative growth components. Australian Journal ofGrape and Wine Research 11: 306-315.Pellegrino, A., Goze, E., Lebon, E. & Wery, J. 2006. A model-based diagnosis <strong>to</strong>ol <strong>to</strong> evaluate the <strong>water</strong> stressexperienced by grapevine in field sites. European Journal of Agronomy 25: 49-59.Petrie, P.R., Cooley, N.M. & Clingeleffer, P.R. 2004. The effect of post-veraison <strong>water</strong> deficit on <strong>yield</strong> componentsand maturation of irrigated Shiraz (Vitis vinifera L.) in the current and following season. Australian Journal ofGrape and Wine Research 10: 203-215.484crop <strong>yield</strong> <strong>response</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>water</strong>
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Crop yieldresponse to waterFAOIRRIG
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1. IntroductionFood production and
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Lead AuthorsMartin Smith(formerly F
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3. Yield response to waterof herbac
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The WP parameter introduced in Aqua
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figure 7 The root zone depicted as
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threshold and 1.0 at the lower thre
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also calculated by multiplying with
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FIGURE 14 Schematic representation
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figure 17ClimateInput data defining
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Table 1 Conservative crop parameter
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figure 18 The Main AquaCrop menu.di
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Applications to Irrigation Manageme
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Box 1 Simulating deficit irrigation
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for each planting date. If there ar
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ox 2 (CONTINUED)FIGURE 1 Difference
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Heng, L.K., Hsiao,T.C., Evett, S.,
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Table 2Additional information and d
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capacity (FC) and permanent wilting
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densities. This range is referred t
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Table 3Comparison of simulated with
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In Equation 3 C a is the mean air C
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REFERENCESAllen, R., Pereira, L., R
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Lead AuthorSenthold Asseng(formerly
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Figure 1 World wheat harvested area
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When nutrition is limiting, yield p
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wheat 101
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Figure 1 World rice harvested area
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Response to StressesBecause rice ev
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Lead AuthorTheodore C. Hsiao(Univer
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emergence to flowering is about 65
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ReferencesAyers, R.S. & Westcot, D.
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Figure 1 World soybean harvested ar
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A number of studies indicate that s
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ReferencesBhatia, V.S., Piara Singh
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Figure 1 World barley harvested are
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Barley development may be thought o
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The seasonal water requirements for
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Lead AuthorSuhas P. Wani(ICRISAT, A
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sowing usually starts in late Septe
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loss. If water stress is severe eno
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ReferencesFAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online
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Figure 1 World cotton harvested are
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Response to StressesCotton stands o
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FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database,
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spring. In double cropping, sowing
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size as affected by soil water defi
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sunflower 171
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to produce energy (electricity from
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Response to stressLow temperatureSu
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Sugarcane 181
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Figure 1 World potato harvested are
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initiation, vigorous canopy, profus
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ReferencesBradshaw, J.E. 2009. A ge
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Tomato requires soils with proper w
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and there is frequent wetting of ex
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is so excessive that fruit setting
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Lead AuthorsMichele Rinaldi(CRA, Ba
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North Africa and near East ranges f
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Water use & ProductivitySugar beets
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ReferencesAllen, R.G., Pereira, L.S
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Figure 1 Alfalfa harvested area (SA
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Water use & ProductivityAs a perenn
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SalinityAlfalfa is tolerant to rela
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Lead AuthorAsha Karunaratne(formerl
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Generally, the growing season begin
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FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database,
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*Flower and grain colour presented
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Figure 1 World quinoa harvested are
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with typical values around 10.5 g/m
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ReferencesAlvarez-Jubete, L., Arend
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Growth and developmentThe common me
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soils (EARO, 2002). Tef has some to
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tef 243
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Lead AuthorsElias Fereres(Universit
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equirements per unit land area for
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figure 6 The water balance of an or
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ox 2 Understanding the transpiratio
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Orchard transpirationTree Tr is det
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ox 4 Sample calculation of E dz , E
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ox 5 Computing olive tree transpira
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FIGURE 10 Crop coefficient (K c ) c
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For training systems on a vertical
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ox 7Consumptive and non-consumptive
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are seeking more precision in their
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ox 9 Examples of soil water monitor
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ox 10 (CONTINUED)The major limitati
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ox 12Definition of CWSI and an exam
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The water budget methodWith this me
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ox 15 Evolution of soil water under
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opening and photosynthesis relative
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that occur during the periods of fr
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The crop, where price can vary more
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Modify horticultural practicesPruni
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FIGURE 13Comparison of yield per un
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season. Thus the risks of salinity
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4.1 Fruit trees and vinesEditor:Eli
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Figure 1 Production trends for oliv
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Figure 2Occurrence and duration of
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The use of displacement sensors to
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Figure 4 Relationship between relat
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Table 3 Sample calculation of month
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clayey soils. If supply is very lim
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Lead AuthorDavid A. Goldhamer(forme
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Fruit growth during this stage is t
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Season-long stressSeveral studies h
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Table 1Published monthly crop coeff
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Four crop-water-production function
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size distribution toward more favou
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Lead AuthorSAmos Naor(GRI, Universi
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Apples tend to have a biennial bear
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water stress and thus highly respon
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indicate that deficit irrigation ad
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Figure 7Effect of midday light inte
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Figure 10Response of marketable fru
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Failla, O., Zocchi, Z., Treccani, C
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Figure 1 Production trends for plum
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soil water. In young orchards, post
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Figure 3 Relationships between rela
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ReferencesAllen, R.G., Pereira, L.S
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Figure 1 Production trends for almo
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FIGURE 2The three stages of almond
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Figure 3Differences in the cultivar
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Indicators of tree water statusTo p
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nuts are rapidly expanding and late
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ReferencesAyars, J.E., Johnson, R.
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Table 2 (Continued)Year TreatmentWa
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Table 3 (continued)Potential900 mmA
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Figure 1 Production trends for pear
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(Elkins et al., 2007). The appearan
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out in Spain under more common grow
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Figure 4Relationships between the p
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Data in Figure 5 suggest that there
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e saved, but this causes a reductio
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pear 389
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Figure 1 Production trends for peac
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Figure 2bEvolution of vegetative (s
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The postharvest period is important
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the midday stem-water potential in
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PHOTOPeach leaf appearance under th
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FIGURE 5Relation between the crop c
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In applying RDI strategies an impor
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peach 407
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Figure 1 Production trends of walnu
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1 100 mm, a team in California appl
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Figure 1 Production trends for pist
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There are two types of shoot growth
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FIGURE 3Time course development of
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Stage III was the most stress sensi
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(see Chapter 4), as in other specie
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