Crop yield response to water - Cra

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Table 5Sensory evaluation of experimental wines from White Riesling either receiving supplementalirrigation or only natural precipitation from the 2003 vintage in the Rheingau region,Germany. Bottled wines (screw cap) of both treatments were in part ‘artificially aged’ bywarm-storing these bottles at 25 °C for three months. Wine attributes were rated on a scalefrom 0-5 (higher values indicated more intense perception of the respective attribute) by 115judges on 7 September, 2004. Source: Schultz and Gruber (2005).Attribute Irrigated Non-irrigatednot aged artificially aged not aged artificially agedPositive aromaattributes3.45 2.37 2.85 1.93Negative aromaattributes2.10 2.61 2.43 3.79Acidity 2.35 2.95 2.43 2.95Bitterness 2.40 2.63 2.70 2.87Figure 12 (a) Allometric relationship between amount of sugars and amount of anthocyaninsduring the linear phase of accumulation in Cabernet Sauvignon berries under fivetreatments (irrigation and fruit load) during three seasons. The scaling exponent (i.e.slope of the regression in a log-log scale) is greater than 1, thus indicating that therelative rate of accumulation of anthocyanins was greater than the relative rate ofaccumulation of sugar across treatments. (b) Relationship between the sugar-anthocyaninscaling exponent and irrigation; the standard treatment received 160 mm in 2003-2004,210 mm in 2004-2005, and 220 mm in 2005-2006. Source: Sadras et al. (2007).T1 T2 T3 T4 T5log anthocyanins (mg/berry)0.20.10.0-0.1-0.2-0.3scaling exponent = 1.32s.e. = 0.094a-0.4-1.0-0.9 -0.8 -0.7 -0.6 -0.5log soluble solids (g/berry)anthocyanin-sugar scaling exponent1.61.51.41.31.21.1b1.00.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6Irrigation (fraction of standard practice)grapevine 475
(McCarthy and Coombe, 1999), but even in that particular trial, sensory attributes changeddifferentially over time.Water requirementsCrop evapotranspiration increases with vine age from establishment until the canopy and rootsystem reach their full capacity to capture radiation and water (Figure 13). For established vines,seasonal ET c in semi-arid to arid environments, e.g. central California (United States), and Riverina(Australia) ranges from approximately 500 to 800 mm (Williams and Matthews, 1990). Figure14 shows the seasonal dynamics of K c as affected by crop age and environment (temperate vstropical). The seasonal dynamics of crop coefficients comprises two phases with increasing K c fromonset of active growth to peak canopy size, and decreasing K c during leaf senescence. Assuminglinearity, the average rate of increase of K c was 0.005 d -1 for young vines, 0.007 d -1 for older vinesin Washington, and 0.013 d -1 in the tropical São Francisco region. In the declining stage, the rateof change in K c was 0.006, 0.011, and 0.042 d -1 , respectively. In addition to differences in rate ofchange in K c , non-zero K c at the onset of the irrigation season in tropical environments reflects thelack of dormancy and continuous physiological activity during the year in tropical environments.More refined crop coefficients could be obtained on the grounds of a direct, often non-linearassociation with canopy light interception or related variables such as leaf area index. Owing tolarge variation in canopy structure with pruning and training systems, however, the relationshipFigure 13Change in crop evapotranspiration (ET c ) with vine age in Washington, USA. ET c was measuredin large drainage lysimeters. Seasonal (1 April to 31 October) reference evapotranspiration(ET o ) derived from Penman (alfalfa reference) is also shown; the dotted line is the average.Adapted from Evans et al. (1993).1400ETo (mm)1300120011001000500400ETc (mm)3002001000Vine age (years after planting)RieslingChenin BlancCabernet Sauvignon1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8476crop yield response to water
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Crop yieldresponse to waterFAOIRRIG
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1. IntroductionFood production and
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Lead AuthorsMartin Smith(formerly F
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3. Yield response to waterof herbac
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The WP parameter introduced in Aqua
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figure 7 The root zone depicted as
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threshold and 1.0 at the lower thre
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also calculated by multiplying with
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FIGURE 14 Schematic representation
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figure 17ClimateInput data defining
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Table 1 Conservative crop parameter
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figure 18 The Main AquaCrop menu.di
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Applications to Irrigation Manageme
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Box 1 Simulating deficit irrigation
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for each planting date. If there ar
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ox 2 (CONTINUED)FIGURE 1 Difference
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Heng, L.K., Hsiao,T.C., Evett, S.,
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Table 2Additional information and d
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capacity (FC) and permanent wilting
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densities. This range is referred t
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Table 3Comparison of simulated with
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In Equation 3 C a is the mean air C
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REFERENCESAllen, R., Pereira, L., R
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Lead AuthorSenthold Asseng(formerly
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Figure 1 World wheat harvested area
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When nutrition is limiting, yield p
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wheat 101
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Figure 1 World rice harvested area
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Response to StressesBecause rice ev
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Lead AuthorTheodore C. Hsiao(Univer
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emergence to flowering is about 65
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ReferencesAyers, R.S. & Westcot, D.
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Figure 1 World soybean harvested ar
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A number of studies indicate that s
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ReferencesBhatia, V.S., Piara Singh
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Figure 1 World barley harvested are
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Barley development may be thought o
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The seasonal water requirements for
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Lead AuthorSuhas P. Wani(ICRISAT, A
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sowing usually starts in late Septe
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loss. If water stress is severe eno
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ReferencesFAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online
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Figure 1 World cotton harvested are
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Response to StressesCotton stands o
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FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database,
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spring. In double cropping, sowing
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size as affected by soil water defi
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sunflower 171
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to produce energy (electricity from
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Response to stressLow temperatureSu
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Sugarcane 181
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Figure 1 World potato harvested are
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initiation, vigorous canopy, profus
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ReferencesBradshaw, J.E. 2009. A ge
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Tomato requires soils with proper w
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and there is frequent wetting of ex
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is so excessive that fruit setting
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Lead AuthorsMichele Rinaldi(CRA, Ba
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North Africa and near East ranges f
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Water use & ProductivitySugar beets
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ReferencesAllen, R.G., Pereira, L.S
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Figure 1 Alfalfa harvested area (SA
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Water use & ProductivityAs a perenn
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SalinityAlfalfa is tolerant to rela
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Lead AuthorAsha Karunaratne(formerl
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Generally, the growing season begin
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FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database,
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*Flower and grain colour presented
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Figure 1 World quinoa harvested are
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with typical values around 10.5 g/m
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ReferencesAlvarez-Jubete, L., Arend
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Growth and developmentThe common me
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soils (EARO, 2002). Tef has some to
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tef 243
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Lead AuthorsElias Fereres(Universit
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equirements per unit land area for
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figure 6 The water balance of an or
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ox 2 Understanding the transpiratio
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Orchard transpirationTree Tr is det
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ox 4 Sample calculation of E dz , E
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ox 5 Computing olive tree transpira
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FIGURE 10 Crop coefficient (K c ) c
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For training systems on a vertical
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ox 7Consumptive and non-consumptive
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are seeking more precision in their
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ox 9 Examples of soil water monitor
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ox 10 (CONTINUED)The major limitati
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ox 12Definition of CWSI and an exam
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The water budget methodWith this me
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ox 15 Evolution of soil water under
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opening and photosynthesis relative
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that occur during the periods of fr
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The crop, where price can vary more
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Modify horticultural practicesPruni
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FIGURE 13Comparison of yield per un
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season. Thus the risks of salinity
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4.1 Fruit trees and vinesEditor:Eli
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Figure 1 Production trends for oliv
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Figure 2Occurrence and duration of
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The use of displacement sensors to
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Figure 4 Relationship between relat
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Table 3 Sample calculation of month
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clayey soils. If supply is very lim
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Lead AuthorDavid A. Goldhamer(forme
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Fruit growth during this stage is t
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Season-long stressSeveral studies h
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Table 1Published monthly crop coeff
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Four crop-water-production function
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size distribution toward more favou
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Lead AuthorSAmos Naor(GRI, Universi
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Apples tend to have a biennial bear
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water stress and thus highly respon
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indicate that deficit irrigation ad
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Figure 7Effect of midday light inte
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Figure 10Response of marketable fru
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Failla, O., Zocchi, Z., Treccani, C
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Figure 1 Production trends for plum
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soil water. In young orchards, post
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Figure 3 Relationships between rela
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ReferencesAllen, R.G., Pereira, L.S
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Figure 1 Production trends for almo
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FIGURE 2The three stages of almond
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Figure 3Differences in the cultivar
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Indicators of tree water statusTo p
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nuts are rapidly expanding and late
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ReferencesAyars, J.E., Johnson, R.
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Table 2 (Continued)Year TreatmentWa
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Table 3 (continued)Potential900 mmA
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Figure 1 Production trends for pear
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(Elkins et al., 2007). The appearan
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out in Spain under more common grow
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Figure 4Relationships between the p
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Data in Figure 5 suggest that there
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e saved, but this causes a reductio
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pear 389
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Figure 1 Production trends for peac
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Figure 2bEvolution of vegetative (s
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The postharvest period is important
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the midday stem-water potential in
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PHOTOPeach leaf appearance under th
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FIGURE 5Relation between the crop c
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In applying RDI strategies an impor
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peach 407
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Figure 1 Production trends of walnu
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1 100 mm, a team in California appl
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Figure 1 Production trends for pist
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There are two types of shoot growth
Page 427 and 428: FIGURE 3Time course development of
Page 429 and 430: Stage III was the most stress sensi
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Page 434 and 435: Table 2 Suggested RDI strategies fo
Page 437 and 438: Lead AuthorSCristos Xiloyannis(Univ
Page 439 and 440: is completed within 20 days; therea
Page 441 and 442: or peach. However, because fruit is
Page 443 and 444: to a midday value varying between -
Page 446 and 447: Lead AuthorRaúl Ferreyraand Gabrie
Page 448 and 449: The most critical developmental per
Page 450 and 451: Figure 4Effects of the level of app
Page 453 and 454: Lead AuthorJordi Marsal(IRTA, Lleid
Page 455 and 456: water stress should not be imposed
Page 457 and 458: Under certain growing conditions, s
Page 459 and 460: ReferencesAntunez A., Stockle, C. &
Page 463 and 464: Lead AuthorSVictor O. Sadras(SARDI
Page 465 and 466: Current season inflorescences becom
Page 467 and 468: the actual timing of each critical
Page 469 and 470: environments, rainfall pulses and l
Page 471 and 472: Figure 6Yield reduction with increa
Page 473 and 474: Table 3Yield and yield components o
Page 475 and 476: Figure 9Wine quality score as a fun
Page 477: Figure 11Wine attributes of Tempran
Page 481 and 482: Figure 15Relative yield as a functi
Page 484: Shiraz, Grenache and Mourvèdre in
Page 487 and 488: Girona, J., Mata, M., del Campo, J.
Page 491 and 492: Lead AuthorSCristos Xiloyannis(Univ
Page 493 and 494: Figure 2Seasonal pattern of the lea
Page 495 and 496: Figure 5Fraction of the exposed and
Page 497 and 498: FIGURE 9Soil volume explored by roo
Page 499 and 500: Water Requirements and IrrigationMa
Page 501 and 502: 5. EpilogueThis publication, Irriga
Page 503 and 504: operating systems (e.g., Linux, Uni
Page 505: Crop yield response to waterAbstrac
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Crop yield response to water - Cra

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