Crop yield response to water - Cra

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minimal4season 1 (l h -1 )4eason 1 (l h -1 )4Figure 7 Reduction in irrigation rate post-veraison in season 1 reduced yield and bunch number ofShiraz in season 2 irrespective of pruning system. Yield and bunch number are expressed as per2metre of canopy. Source: Petrie et al. (2004).0spur mechanical minimal0 2 4spur mechanical minimalspur mechanical minimalPost-veraison irrigation in season 1 (l h -1 )8886120664irrigation: P < 0.058044pruning: n.s.irrigation: P < 0.05irrigation: P < 0.052interaction: n.s.pruning: n.s.pruning: n.s.4022interaction: n.s.interaction: n.s.00 2 40Post-veraison irrigation 0 in season 1 (l h -1 )00 2 0 4 2 40 2 4120Post-veraison irrigation in season Post-veraison 1 (l h -1 ) irrigation in season 1 (l hPost-veraison -1 )irrigation in season 1 (l h -1 )Brunch number in season 2 (m -1 ) Yield in season 2 (kg m -1 )Brunch number in season 2 (m -1 ) Yield in season 2 (kg m -1 )irrigation: 120 P < 0.0580pruning: n.s.interaction: n.s.80 40Brunch number in season 2 (m -1 ) Yield in season 2 (kg m -1 )12080Brunch number in season 2 (m -1 ) Yield in season 2 (kg m -1 )86irrigation: P < 0.05pruning: P < 0.01interaction: n.s.irrigation: P < 0.05pruning: P < 0.01interaction: n.s.spur mechanical minimalirrigation: P < 0.05pruning: P < 0.01interaction: n.s.40Figure 80400 2 4Shoot development recorded on mid-October (photographs) and yield components at harvest0 (numbers)Post-veraisonin Merlotirrigation season 1 (l h -1 )0 vines pruned at monthly intervals between mid-July to mid-October.0Source: Friend and 2 Trought 0 (2007) for 4 experiments 2 in Marlborough 4 (41 o S, 174 o E), New Zealand.irrigation: P < 0.05Post-veraison irrigation in season Post-veraison 1 (l h -1 ) irrigation in season 1 (l h -1 )pruning: P < 0.01JulyAugust September Octoberinteraction: n.s.Bunches per vine:Berries per bunch:Berry size (g):52860.4570820.5765680.8862491.16irrigation: P < 0.05pruning: n.s.interaction: n.s.irrigation: P < 0.05pruning: P < 0.01interaction: n.s.of water supply to ensure berry growth and the requirements of berry composition, which maybenefit from controlled water deficit.Fewer studies characterized the long-term effect of water deficit on grapevine yield. For Riesling ona steep slope vineyard in Germany, the combination of in-season and across-season temporary waterdeficits reduced long-term production from an average 7.6 tonne/ha in vines with small amounts ofsupplementary irrigation (29 litre/m 2 per season) to 5.0 tonne/ha for rainfed vines (Table 4).Availability of water after harvest has at least two effects. First, it may influence canopy activity,build up of reserves and hence the performance of the crop in the following growing cycle.Second, irrigation between harvest and leaf fall may alter phenology under some conditions; forinstance reduced irrigation after harvest may advance budburst in the following season (Williamset al., 1991), potentially increasing frost risk in some environments.grapevine 469
Table 3Yield and yield components of Shiraz in Riverland (Australia), Bobal in Utiel Requena (Spain)and Chardonnay in Niagara-on-the-Lake (Canada) in response to irrigation regime. Values areranges over three seasons. Sources: Riverland, McCarthy (1997); Utiel Requena, Salón et al.(2005); Niagara, Reynolds et al. (2005).Irrigation regimeYield(kg/vine)Bunchesper vineBunchweight(g)Berriesper bunchBerryweight(g)RiverlandFully irrigatedPost-anthesisdeficitPre-veraisondeficitPost-veraisondeficitPre-harvest deficitAnthesis-veraisondeficitVeraison-harvestdeficit(between budburstand harvest)(irrigation withheld for1 month after anthesis)(irrigation withheldfor 1 month beforeveraison)(irrigation withheld for1 month after veraison)(irrigation withheld for1 month before harvest)(irrigation withheldbetween anthesis andveraison)(irrigation whithheldbetween veraison andharvest)13.4-19.5 166-182 81-108 67-81 1.2-1.59.8-18.3 156-190 63-104 57-81 1.1-1.511.4-20.1 168-210 68-97 62-75 1.1-1.311.2-18.2 160-193 71-98 63-77 1.1-1.312.4-20.1 154-197 81-106 67-78 1.2-1.59.6-19.9 164-204 58-99 59-77 1.0-1.411.2-17.3 154-176 73-99 62-76 1.2-1.4Rainfed (no irrigation) 4.7-13.8 153-200 29-80 42-73 0.7-1.3Utiel RequenaFully irrigatedPost-veraisonmild deficitPost-veraisonsevere deficit(between anthesis andharvest)(50% of controlirrigation fromveraison)(irrigation withheldfrom veraison)6.4-9.5 11-14 613-711 107-263 2.7-3.06.7-8.0 11-14 549-738 193-271 2.7-2.96.8-8.6 10-14 488-727 202-253 2.4-3.0Rainfed (no irrigation) 3.5-4.2 9-13 346-476 169-248 1.8-2.1NiagaraFully irrigated 3.2-9.2 39-84 83-110 56-66 1.4-1.7Post-set deficitPost-lag phasedeficitPost-veraisondeficit(irrigation withheldafter fruit set)(irrigation withheldafter lag phase)(irrigation withheldafter veraison)3.2-8.4 39-88 81-106 58-67 1.4-1.62.7-8.7 35-84 76-103 54-65 1.4-1.62.6-10.0 33-78 79-128 60-83 1.3-1.7Rainfed (no irrigation) 2.9-7.8 36-84 81-102 60-66 1.4-1.6470crop yield response to water
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Crop yieldresponse to waterFAOIRRIG
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1. IntroductionFood production and
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Lead AuthorsMartin Smith(formerly F
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3. Yield response to waterof herbac
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The WP parameter introduced in Aqua
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figure 7 The root zone depicted as
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threshold and 1.0 at the lower thre
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also calculated by multiplying with
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FIGURE 14 Schematic representation
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figure 17ClimateInput data defining
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Table 1 Conservative crop parameter
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figure 18 The Main AquaCrop menu.di
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Applications to Irrigation Manageme
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Box 1 Simulating deficit irrigation
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for each planting date. If there ar
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ox 2 (CONTINUED)FIGURE 1 Difference
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Heng, L.K., Hsiao,T.C., Evett, S.,
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Table 2Additional information and d
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capacity (FC) and permanent wilting
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densities. This range is referred t
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Table 3Comparison of simulated with
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In Equation 3 C a is the mean air C
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REFERENCESAllen, R., Pereira, L., R
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Lead AuthorSenthold Asseng(formerly
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Figure 1 World wheat harvested area
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When nutrition is limiting, yield p
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wheat 101
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Figure 1 World rice harvested area
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Response to StressesBecause rice ev
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Lead AuthorTheodore C. Hsiao(Univer
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emergence to flowering is about 65
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ReferencesAyers, R.S. & Westcot, D.
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Figure 1 World soybean harvested ar
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A number of studies indicate that s
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ReferencesBhatia, V.S., Piara Singh
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Figure 1 World barley harvested are
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Barley development may be thought o
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The seasonal water requirements for
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Lead AuthorSuhas P. Wani(ICRISAT, A
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sowing usually starts in late Septe
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loss. If water stress is severe eno
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ReferencesFAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online
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Figure 1 World cotton harvested are
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Response to StressesCotton stands o
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FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database,
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spring. In double cropping, sowing
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size as affected by soil water defi
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sunflower 171
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to produce energy (electricity from
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Response to stressLow temperatureSu
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Sugarcane 181
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Figure 1 World potato harvested are
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initiation, vigorous canopy, profus
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ReferencesBradshaw, J.E. 2009. A ge
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Tomato requires soils with proper w
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and there is frequent wetting of ex
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is so excessive that fruit setting
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Lead AuthorsMichele Rinaldi(CRA, Ba
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North Africa and near East ranges f
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Water use & ProductivitySugar beets
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ReferencesAllen, R.G., Pereira, L.S
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Figure 1 Alfalfa harvested area (SA
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Water use & ProductivityAs a perenn
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SalinityAlfalfa is tolerant to rela
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Lead AuthorAsha Karunaratne(formerl
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Generally, the growing season begin
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FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database,
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*Flower and grain colour presented
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Figure 1 World quinoa harvested are
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with typical values around 10.5 g/m
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ReferencesAlvarez-Jubete, L., Arend
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Growth and developmentThe common me
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soils (EARO, 2002). Tef has some to
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tef 243
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Lead AuthorsElias Fereres(Universit
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equirements per unit land area for
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figure 6 The water balance of an or
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ox 2 Understanding the transpiratio
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Orchard transpirationTree Tr is det
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ox 4 Sample calculation of E dz , E
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ox 5 Computing olive tree transpira
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FIGURE 10 Crop coefficient (K c ) c
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For training systems on a vertical
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ox 7Consumptive and non-consumptive
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are seeking more precision in their
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ox 9 Examples of soil water monitor
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ox 10 (CONTINUED)The major limitati
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ox 12Definition of CWSI and an exam
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The water budget methodWith this me
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ox 15 Evolution of soil water under
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opening and photosynthesis relative
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that occur during the periods of fr
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The crop, where price can vary more
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Modify horticultural practicesPruni
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FIGURE 13Comparison of yield per un
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season. Thus the risks of salinity
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4.1 Fruit trees and vinesEditor:Eli
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Figure 1 Production trends for oliv
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Figure 2Occurrence and duration of
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The use of displacement sensors to
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Figure 4 Relationship between relat
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Table 3 Sample calculation of month
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clayey soils. If supply is very lim
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Lead AuthorDavid A. Goldhamer(forme
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Fruit growth during this stage is t
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Season-long stressSeveral studies h
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Table 1Published monthly crop coeff
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Four crop-water-production function
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size distribution toward more favou
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Lead AuthorSAmos Naor(GRI, Universi
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Apples tend to have a biennial bear
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water stress and thus highly respon
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indicate that deficit irrigation ad
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Figure 7Effect of midday light inte
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Figure 10Response of marketable fru
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Failla, O., Zocchi, Z., Treccani, C
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Figure 1 Production trends for plum
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soil water. In young orchards, post
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Figure 3 Relationships between rela
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ReferencesAllen, R.G., Pereira, L.S
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Figure 1 Production trends for almo
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FIGURE 2The three stages of almond
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Figure 3Differences in the cultivar
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Indicators of tree water statusTo p
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nuts are rapidly expanding and late
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ReferencesAyars, J.E., Johnson, R.
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Table 2 (Continued)Year TreatmentWa
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Table 3 (continued)Potential900 mmA
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Figure 1 Production trends for pear
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(Elkins et al., 2007). The appearan
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out in Spain under more common grow
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Figure 4Relationships between the p
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Data in Figure 5 suggest that there
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e saved, but this causes a reductio
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pear 389
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Figure 1 Production trends for peac
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Figure 2bEvolution of vegetative (s
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The postharvest period is important
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the midday stem-water potential in
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PHOTOPeach leaf appearance under th
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FIGURE 5Relation between the crop c
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In applying RDI strategies an impor
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peach 407
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Figure 1 Production trends of walnu
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1 100 mm, a team in California appl
Page 423 and 424: Figure 1 Production trends for pist
Page 425 and 426: There are two types of shoot growth
Page 427 and 428: FIGURE 3Time course development of
Page 429 and 430: Stage III was the most stress sensi
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Page 434 and 435: Table 2 Suggested RDI strategies fo
Page 437 and 438: Lead AuthorSCristos Xiloyannis(Univ
Page 439 and 440: is completed within 20 days; therea
Page 441 and 442: or peach. However, because fruit is
Page 443 and 444: to a midday value varying between -
Page 446 and 447: Lead AuthorRaúl Ferreyraand Gabrie
Page 448 and 449: The most critical developmental per
Page 450 and 451: Figure 4Effects of the level of app
Page 453 and 454: Lead AuthorJordi Marsal(IRTA, Lleid
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Page 457 and 458: Under certain growing conditions, s
Page 459 and 460: ReferencesAntunez A., Stockle, C. &
Page 463 and 464: Lead AuthorSVictor O. Sadras(SARDI
Page 465 and 466: Current season inflorescences becom
Page 467 and 468: the actual timing of each critical
Page 469 and 470: environments, rainfall pulses and l
Page 471: Figure 6Yield reduction with increa
Page 475 and 476: Figure 9Wine quality score as a fun
Page 477 and 478: Figure 11Wine attributes of Tempran
Page 479 and 480: (McCarthy and Coombe, 1999), but ev
Page 481 and 482: Figure 15Relative yield as a functi
Page 484: Shiraz, Grenache and Mourvèdre in
Page 487 and 488: Girona, J., Mata, M., del Campo, J.
Page 491 and 492: Lead AuthorSCristos Xiloyannis(Univ
Page 493 and 494: Figure 2Seasonal pattern of the lea
Page 495 and 496: Figure 5Fraction of the exposed and
Page 497 and 498: FIGURE 9Soil volume explored by roo
Page 499 and 500: Water Requirements and IrrigationMa
Page 501 and 502: 5. EpilogueThis publication, Irriga
Page 503 and 504: operating systems (e.g., Linux, Uni
Page 505: Crop yield response to waterAbstrac
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