Crop yield response to water - Cra

the actual timing of each critical stage and the resultant season length are genetically controlledand modulated by the environment, chiefly temperature. Some phenological stages may also beresponsive to management practices, e.g. timing of pruning may shift the timing of budburst,and manipulation of canopy-to-fruit ratio by defoliation or bunch removal may delay or advanceripening in some conditions.There are two distinct aspects related to the variety-dependent phenological pattern. One isthe average time to reach a certain stage; for example Gladstones (1992) classified varieties ineight maturity groups (Table 2). The other aspect is the plasticity of phenological development,defined as the degree of response in phenology to environmental conditions. Cabernet francand Riesling, for example, have comparable maturity requirements ~ 1 200-1 250 o Cd (Table2), but under South Australian conditions Cabernet franc is phenologically more plastic thanRiesling (Figure 3), as its flowering date varies more in different environments than that ofTable 2Maturity groups and biologically effective thermal time* from October 1st (Southern hemisphere)or April 1st (Northern Hemisphere) to ripeness of grapevines according to Gladstones (1992).Maturity group( o Cd to maturity)Red wineWhite or rosé wine1 (1 050) Madeleine, Madeleine-Sylvaner2 (1 100) Blue PortugueseChasselas, Müller-Thurgau, Siegerrebe,Bacchus, Pinot Gris, Muscat Ottonel, RedVeltliner, Pinot Noir, Meunier3 (1 150)4 (1 200)5 (1 250)6 (1 300)7 (1 350)Pinot Noir, Meunier, Gamay, Dolcetto,Bastardo, Tinta Carvalla, TintaAmarellaMalbec, Durif, Zinfandel, Schiava,Tempranillo, Tinta Madeira, PinotageMerlot, Cabernet Franc, Shiraz,Cinsaut, Barbera, Sangiovese, Touriga,Cabernet Sauvignon, Ruby Cabernet,Mondeuse, Tannat, Kadarka, Corvina,Nebbiolo, Ramisco, Alvarelhão,Mourisco Tinto, ValdiguiéAramon, Petit Verdot, Mataro,Carignan, Grenache, Freisa, Negrara,Grignolino, Souzão, Graciano,MonastrellTraminer, Sylvaner, Scheurebe, Elbling,Morio-Muskat, Kerner, Green Veltliner,Cardonnay, Aligoté, Melon, SauvignonBlanc, Frontignac, Pedro Ximenes,Verdelho, SultanaSémillon, Muscadelle, Riesling,Welschriesling, Furmint, Leanyka,Harslevelu, Sercial, Malvasia Bianca,Cabernet FrancChenin Blanc, Folle Blanche, Crouchen,Roussanne, Marsanne, Viognier,Taminga, Cabernet SauvignonColombard, Palomino, Dona Branca,Rabigato, GrenacheMuscat Gordo Blanco, Trebbiano,Montils8 (1 400) Tarrango, Terret NoirClairette, Grenache Blanc, Doradillo,Biancone* calculated using a base temperature of 10 o C, and a cutoff in the monthly average temperature at 19 o C.464crop yield response to water