Crop yield response to water - Cra

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season (Marsal, 2010). However, the realization of possible yield reductions in the next seasonafter a RDI postharvest treatment will depend on whether cherry thinning is being used tomaintain fruit size (Marsal, 2010). Nevertheless, if water stress during postharvest is maintainedabove -1.5 MPa in midday stem-water potential, large savings of up to 40 percent of the waterused in a fully irrigated control during postharvest can be achieved without noticeable negativeimpact on fruit yield and quality. The avoidance of water stress, more severe than a certain level(i.e. -1.5 MPa), implies that irrigation reduction must be adjusted with time and a fixed irrigationrate should only be maintained for a certain period to avoid surpassing such tree water statusthreshold. For this reason significant irrigation reductions during postharvest have to be appliedcautiously. Irrigation could also be reduced during postharvest at lower rates (i.e. 80 percentfull irrigation). The use of 80 percent full irrigation during postharvest produced water savingsup to 15 percent of annual applied water with no detrimental effects on fruit yield and quality(Table 1) (Marsal, 2009 and Marsal, 2010) although the research indicated that cherry qualityand yield responses to RDI are cultivar dependent. Therefore more research is needed beforereliable assessments can be made for each specific growing condition.Table 1Suggested Postharvest RDI strategies for different available water supply scenarios from 690 to430 mm. Weather data corresponds to the Ebro valley (Northeast Spain) and K c corresponds tothose presented in Figure 2 for high vigour growing conditions.Potential ET c Water req. RDI-Postharvest (580 mm) RDI-Postharvest (430 mm)(mm)(mm)Irrigationrate (%)(mm)Irrigationrate (%)(mm)March 15-30 9 10 100 10 100 10Apr. 1-15 24 26 100 26 100 26Apr. 16-30 34 31 100 31 100 31May 1-15 50 42 100 42 100 42May 16-31 49 40 100 40 100 40June 1-15 66 72 80 58 50 36June 16-30 80 88 80 70 50 44July 1-15 76 78 80 62 50 39July 16-31 81 89 80 71 50 44Aug. 1-15 70 77 80 62 50 39Aug. 16-31 68 75 80 60 65 49Sept. 1-15 38 42 80 34 50 21Sept. 16-30 23 25 80 20 50 12Oct. 1-15 11 0 80 0 50 0Oct. 16-31 7 0 80 0 50 0Nov. 1-15 5 0 80 0 50 0Total 690 696 587 434sweet CHERRY 455
ReferencesAntunez A., Stockle, C. & Whiting, M.D. 2006. A gravimetric lysimeter for modelling transpiration in young cherry trees.Acta Horticulture 707:127-133.Beppu, K. & Kataoka, I. 1999. High temperature rather than drought stress is responsible for the occurrence of doublepistils in ‘Satohnishiki’ sweet cherry. Scientia Horticulturae 81:125-134.FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database, available at link http://faostat.fao.org/. Accessed on December 2011.Flore, J.A. 1994. Stone fruit. In: Schaffer, B.& Andersen, P.C., eds. Handbook of environmental physiology of fruit crops.Boca Raton, FL, USA, CRC Press, Inc. pp. 233-270Marsal, J., Lopez, G., Arbones, A., Mata, M., Vallverdu, X. & Girona, J. 2009. Influence of postharvest deficit irrigationand pre-harvest fruit thinning on sweet cherry (cv. New Star) fruit firmness and quality. Journal of Horticultural Scienceand Biotechnology 84:273-278.Marsal, J., Lopez, G., J. del Campo, Mata, M., Arbones, A. & Girona, J. 2010. Postharvest regulated deficit irrigation inSummit sweet cherry: fruit yield and quality in the following season. Irrigation Science 28: 181-189Proebsting, E.L., Middleton, J.E. & Mahan, M.O. 1981. Performance of bearing cherry and prune trees under very lowirrigation rates. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 106: 243-246.Sekse, L. 1995. Cuticular fracturing in fruit of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) resulting from changing soil water contents.Journal of Horticultural Science 63:135-141.Werenfels, L.F., Uriu, K., Paul, H. & Charles, F. 1967. Effects of preharvest irrigation on cherry fruit size. CaliforniaAgriculture 21(8):15-16.456crop yield response to water
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Crop yieldresponse to waterFAOIRRIG
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1. IntroductionFood production and
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Lead AuthorsMartin Smith(formerly F
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3. Yield response to waterof herbac
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The WP parameter introduced in Aqua
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figure 7 The root zone depicted as
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threshold and 1.0 at the lower thre
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also calculated by multiplying with
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FIGURE 14 Schematic representation
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figure 17ClimateInput data defining
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Table 1 Conservative crop parameter
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figure 18 The Main AquaCrop menu.di
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Applications to Irrigation Manageme
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Box 1 Simulating deficit irrigation
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for each planting date. If there ar
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ox 2 (CONTINUED)FIGURE 1 Difference
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Heng, L.K., Hsiao,T.C., Evett, S.,
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Table 2Additional information and d
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capacity (FC) and permanent wilting
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densities. This range is referred t
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Table 3Comparison of simulated with
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In Equation 3 C a is the mean air C
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REFERENCESAllen, R., Pereira, L., R
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Lead AuthorSenthold Asseng(formerly
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Figure 1 World wheat harvested area
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When nutrition is limiting, yield p
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wheat 101
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Figure 1 World rice harvested area
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Response to StressesBecause rice ev
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Lead AuthorTheodore C. Hsiao(Univer
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emergence to flowering is about 65
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ReferencesAyers, R.S. & Westcot, D.
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Figure 1 World soybean harvested ar
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A number of studies indicate that s
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ReferencesBhatia, V.S., Piara Singh
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Figure 1 World barley harvested are
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Barley development may be thought o
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The seasonal water requirements for
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Lead AuthorSuhas P. Wani(ICRISAT, A
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sowing usually starts in late Septe
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loss. If water stress is severe eno
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ReferencesFAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online
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Figure 1 World cotton harvested are
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Response to StressesCotton stands o
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FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database,
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spring. In double cropping, sowing
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size as affected by soil water defi
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sunflower 171
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to produce energy (electricity from
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Response to stressLow temperatureSu
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Sugarcane 181
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Figure 1 World potato harvested are
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initiation, vigorous canopy, profus
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ReferencesBradshaw, J.E. 2009. A ge
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Tomato requires soils with proper w
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and there is frequent wetting of ex
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is so excessive that fruit setting
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Lead AuthorsMichele Rinaldi(CRA, Ba
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North Africa and near East ranges f
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Water use & ProductivitySugar beets
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ReferencesAllen, R.G., Pereira, L.S
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Figure 1 Alfalfa harvested area (SA
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Water use & ProductivityAs a perenn
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SalinityAlfalfa is tolerant to rela
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Lead AuthorAsha Karunaratne(formerl
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Generally, the growing season begin
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FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database,
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*Flower and grain colour presented
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Figure 1 World quinoa harvested are
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with typical values around 10.5 g/m
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ReferencesAlvarez-Jubete, L., Arend
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Growth and developmentThe common me
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soils (EARO, 2002). Tef has some to
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tef 243
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Lead AuthorsElias Fereres(Universit
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equirements per unit land area for
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figure 6 The water balance of an or
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ox 2 Understanding the transpiratio
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Orchard transpirationTree Tr is det
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ox 4 Sample calculation of E dz , E
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ox 5 Computing olive tree transpira
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FIGURE 10 Crop coefficient (K c ) c
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For training systems on a vertical
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ox 7Consumptive and non-consumptive
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are seeking more precision in their
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ox 9 Examples of soil water monitor
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ox 10 (CONTINUED)The major limitati
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ox 12Definition of CWSI and an exam
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The water budget methodWith this me
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ox 15 Evolution of soil water under
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opening and photosynthesis relative
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that occur during the periods of fr
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The crop, where price can vary more
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Modify horticultural practicesPruni
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FIGURE 13Comparison of yield per un
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season. Thus the risks of salinity
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4.1 Fruit trees and vinesEditor:Eli
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Figure 1 Production trends for oliv
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Figure 2Occurrence and duration of
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The use of displacement sensors to
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Figure 4 Relationship between relat
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Table 3 Sample calculation of month
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clayey soils. If supply is very lim
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Lead AuthorDavid A. Goldhamer(forme
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Fruit growth during this stage is t
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Season-long stressSeveral studies h
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Table 1Published monthly crop coeff
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Four crop-water-production function
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size distribution toward more favou
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Lead AuthorSAmos Naor(GRI, Universi
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Apples tend to have a biennial bear
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water stress and thus highly respon
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indicate that deficit irrigation ad
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Figure 7Effect of midday light inte
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Figure 10Response of marketable fru
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Failla, O., Zocchi, Z., Treccani, C
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Figure 1 Production trends for plum
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soil water. In young orchards, post
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Figure 3 Relationships between rela
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ReferencesAllen, R.G., Pereira, L.S
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Figure 1 Production trends for almo
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FIGURE 2The three stages of almond
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Figure 3Differences in the cultivar
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Indicators of tree water statusTo p
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nuts are rapidly expanding and late
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ReferencesAyars, J.E., Johnson, R.
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Table 2 (Continued)Year TreatmentWa
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Table 3 (continued)Potential900 mmA
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Figure 1 Production trends for pear
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(Elkins et al., 2007). The appearan
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out in Spain under more common grow
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Figure 4Relationships between the p
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Data in Figure 5 suggest that there
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e saved, but this causes a reductio
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pear 389
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Figure 1 Production trends for peac
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Figure 2bEvolution of vegetative (s
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The postharvest period is important
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Page 409 and 410: PHOTOPeach leaf appearance under th
Page 411 and 412: FIGURE 5Relation between the crop c
Page 413 and 414: In applying RDI strategies an impor
Page 415: peach 407
Page 418 and 419: Figure 1 Production trends of walnu
Page 420: 1 100 mm, a team in California appl
Page 423 and 424: Figure 1 Production trends for pist
Page 425 and 426: There are two types of shoot growth
Page 427 and 428: FIGURE 3Time course development of
Page 429 and 430: Stage III was the most stress sensi
Page 431: (see Chapter 4), as in other specie
Page 434 and 435: Table 2 Suggested RDI strategies fo
Page 437 and 438: Lead AuthorSCristos Xiloyannis(Univ
Page 439 and 440: is completed within 20 days; therea
Page 441 and 442: or peach. However, because fruit is
Page 443 and 444: to a midday value varying between -
Page 446 and 447: Lead AuthorRaúl Ferreyraand Gabrie
Page 448 and 449: The most critical developmental per
Page 450 and 451: Figure 4Effects of the level of app
Page 453 and 454: Lead AuthorJordi Marsal(IRTA, Lleid
Page 455 and 456: water stress should not be imposed
Page 457: Under certain growing conditions, s
Page 463 and 464: Lead AuthorSVictor O. Sadras(SARDI
Page 465 and 466: Current season inflorescences becom
Page 467 and 468: the actual timing of each critical
Page 469 and 470: environments, rainfall pulses and l
Page 471 and 472: Figure 6Yield reduction with increa
Page 473 and 474: Table 3Yield and yield components o
Page 475 and 476: Figure 9Wine quality score as a fun
Page 477 and 478: Figure 11Wine attributes of Tempran
Page 479 and 480: (McCarthy and Coombe, 1999), but ev
Page 481 and 482: Figure 15Relative yield as a functi
Page 484: Shiraz, Grenache and Mourvèdre in
Page 487 and 488: Girona, J., Mata, M., del Campo, J.
Page 491 and 492: Lead AuthorSCristos Xiloyannis(Univ
Page 493 and 494: Figure 2Seasonal pattern of the lea
Page 495 and 496: Figure 5Fraction of the exposed and
Page 497 and 498: FIGURE 9Soil volume explored by roo
Page 499 and 500: Water Requirements and IrrigationMa
Page 501 and 502: 5. EpilogueThis publication, Irriga
Page 503 and 504: operating systems (e.g., Linux, Uni
Page 505: Crop yield response to waterAbstrac
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