Crop yield response to water - Cra

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Figure 4Daily patterns of sunlit leaf net assimilation rate measured after harvest with IRGA in Summitsweet cherry trees. Trees were fully irrigated throughout the season.Net assimilation rate (µmol m -2 s -1 )161412108642harvest013 May 2 June 22 June 12 July 1 Aug. 21 Aug. 10 Sept. 30 Sept.Figure 5Estimated crop coefficients for mature sweet cherry trees grown in a vase training system undertwo different growing conditions (high vigour in squares and low vigour in rhomboids). Themidday intercepted radiation for the high vigour and low vigour orchards during midseason was0.54 and 0.45, respectively.Low vigourHigh vigour1.210.8Estimated Kc0.60.40.20March 15-...Apr. 1-15Apr. 16-30May 1-15May 16-31June 1-15June 16-30July 1-15July 16-31Aug. 1-15Aug. 16-31Sept. 1-15Sept. 16-30Oct. 1-15Oct. 16-31Nov. 1-15sweet CHERRY 453
Under certain growing conditions, stomata remain slightly closed at the end of the postharvestseason, even when the trees are not water stressed (Figure 3 – September conditions). This hasbeen found in cherry orchards growing under warm Mediterranean conditions. Since the cherrymarket in these regions sets pressure for the use of early ripening cultivars, the postharvestperiod may last more than four months. During this period, little growth is being accomplishedbecause tree growth is checked by the application of growth regulators. After harvest, leaf netphotosynthetic rates tend to decrease with time (Figure 4). Reductions in photosynthesis usuallycome with reductions in stomata aperture and consequently, the transpiration also declines withtime. This is referred in the physiology literature as photosynthetic down-regulation.Water UseAlthough some preliminary work on modelling cherry tree transpiration has been done recently(Antunez, 2006), specific reports on measurements of cherry ET c or K c values are lacking in theliterature. Cherry irrigation requirements could be approximated by using the informationdeveloped for peach trees (see Peach Section) where the K c is related to tree intercepted radiationat midday. An example of the seasonal evolution of K c is provided in Figure 5 where cherry treeintercepted radiation was measured every two weeks until mid-August. A steady decrease in K cis assumed after mid-August. This K c decline is due to a leaf die-back process, but also to thepreviously referred effect of the down-regulation of photosynthesis, which may already apparentby late July (Figure 5). Two different tree vigour conditions are considered in Figure 5, and theeffects on crop intercepted radiation and estimated K c is evident. Low vigour conditions hadnoticeable lower K c , resulting in a 18 percent reduction in annual water requirements for theconditions in the Ebro basin, Spain (Marsal, 2010). This emphasizes the need to adjust the K c valuesto the specific orchard conditions.Suggested RDI RegimesThe application of RDI is currently widespread in some regions along with the use of growthregulators. However RDI before harvest is rarely used because besides reducing fruit growthand fruit final size (Werenfels, 1967), it can also increase cracking if stress is relieved duringripening (Sekse, 1995). RDI is more commonly applied after harvest. The reason for the groweracceptance of using postharvest RDI is because it decreases tree internal shading and controlsexcessive vigour. However, deficit irrigation is often applied after harvest in the absence ofresearch-based recommendations. For instance, in certain areas irrigation is commonly reduceduntil visual leaf wilting without being aware of possible carryover effects during the followingseason. From the few research reports published it can be inferred that, under certain conditions,postharvest water deficits can negatively affect cherry quality the following season, withexcessive water stress exacerbating this problem. A study on postharvest RDI in New Star sweetcherry grown in the semi-arid climate of Catalonia, Spain found a significant linear relationshipbetween reduction in cherry firmness and soluble solids with the average midday stem-waterpotential experienced the previous postharvest season (Marsal, 2009). Another issue related tothe use of postharvest RDI is the possibility of applying excessive water stress and negativelyinfluencing fruit set and crop load in the next season, as it has been reported for peach andalmond. In a recent study on Summit cherry, a postharvest RDI treatment, receiving 50 percentof the water given to a Control treatment, reduced fruit set and crop load in the following454crop yield response to water
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Crop yieldresponse to waterFAOIRRIG
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1. IntroductionFood production and
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Lead AuthorsMartin Smith(formerly F
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3. Yield response to waterof herbac
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The WP parameter introduced in Aqua
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figure 7 The root zone depicted as
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threshold and 1.0 at the lower thre
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also calculated by multiplying with
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FIGURE 14 Schematic representation
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figure 17ClimateInput data defining
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Table 1 Conservative crop parameter
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figure 18 The Main AquaCrop menu.di
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Applications to Irrigation Manageme
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Box 1 Simulating deficit irrigation
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for each planting date. If there ar
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ox 2 (CONTINUED)FIGURE 1 Difference
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Heng, L.K., Hsiao,T.C., Evett, S.,
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Table 2Additional information and d
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capacity (FC) and permanent wilting
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densities. This range is referred t
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Table 3Comparison of simulated with
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In Equation 3 C a is the mean air C
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REFERENCESAllen, R., Pereira, L., R
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Lead AuthorSenthold Asseng(formerly
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Figure 1 World wheat harvested area
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When nutrition is limiting, yield p
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wheat 101
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Figure 1 World rice harvested area
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Response to StressesBecause rice ev
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Lead AuthorTheodore C. Hsiao(Univer
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emergence to flowering is about 65
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ReferencesAyers, R.S. & Westcot, D.
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Figure 1 World soybean harvested ar
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A number of studies indicate that s
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ReferencesBhatia, V.S., Piara Singh
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Figure 1 World barley harvested are
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Barley development may be thought o
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The seasonal water requirements for
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Lead AuthorSuhas P. Wani(ICRISAT, A
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sowing usually starts in late Septe
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loss. If water stress is severe eno
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ReferencesFAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online
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Figure 1 World cotton harvested are
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Response to StressesCotton stands o
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FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database,
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spring. In double cropping, sowing
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size as affected by soil water defi
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sunflower 171
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to produce energy (electricity from
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Response to stressLow temperatureSu
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Sugarcane 181
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Figure 1 World potato harvested are
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initiation, vigorous canopy, profus
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ReferencesBradshaw, J.E. 2009. A ge
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Tomato requires soils with proper w
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and there is frequent wetting of ex
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is so excessive that fruit setting
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Lead AuthorsMichele Rinaldi(CRA, Ba
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North Africa and near East ranges f
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Water use & ProductivitySugar beets
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ReferencesAllen, R.G., Pereira, L.S
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Figure 1 Alfalfa harvested area (SA
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Water use & ProductivityAs a perenn
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SalinityAlfalfa is tolerant to rela
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Lead AuthorAsha Karunaratne(formerl
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Generally, the growing season begin
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FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database,
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*Flower and grain colour presented
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Figure 1 World quinoa harvested are
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with typical values around 10.5 g/m
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ReferencesAlvarez-Jubete, L., Arend
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Growth and developmentThe common me
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soils (EARO, 2002). Tef has some to
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tef 243
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Lead AuthorsElias Fereres(Universit
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equirements per unit land area for
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figure 6 The water balance of an or
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ox 2 Understanding the transpiratio
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Orchard transpirationTree Tr is det
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ox 4 Sample calculation of E dz , E
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ox 5 Computing olive tree transpira
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FIGURE 10 Crop coefficient (K c ) c
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For training systems on a vertical
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ox 7Consumptive and non-consumptive
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are seeking more precision in their
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ox 9 Examples of soil water monitor
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ox 10 (CONTINUED)The major limitati
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ox 12Definition of CWSI and an exam
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The water budget methodWith this me
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ox 15 Evolution of soil water under
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opening and photosynthesis relative
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that occur during the periods of fr
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The crop, where price can vary more
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Modify horticultural practicesPruni
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FIGURE 13Comparison of yield per un
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season. Thus the risks of salinity
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4.1 Fruit trees and vinesEditor:Eli
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Figure 1 Production trends for oliv
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Figure 2Occurrence and duration of
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The use of displacement sensors to
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Figure 4 Relationship between relat
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Table 3 Sample calculation of month
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clayey soils. If supply is very lim
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Lead AuthorDavid A. Goldhamer(forme
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Fruit growth during this stage is t
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Season-long stressSeveral studies h
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Table 1Published monthly crop coeff
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Four crop-water-production function
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size distribution toward more favou
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Lead AuthorSAmos Naor(GRI, Universi
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Apples tend to have a biennial bear
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water stress and thus highly respon
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indicate that deficit irrigation ad
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Figure 7Effect of midday light inte
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Figure 10Response of marketable fru
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Failla, O., Zocchi, Z., Treccani, C
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Figure 1 Production trends for plum
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soil water. In young orchards, post
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Figure 3 Relationships between rela
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ReferencesAllen, R.G., Pereira, L.S
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Figure 1 Production trends for almo
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FIGURE 2The three stages of almond
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Figure 3Differences in the cultivar
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Indicators of tree water statusTo p
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nuts are rapidly expanding and late
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ReferencesAyars, J.E., Johnson, R.
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Table 2 (Continued)Year TreatmentWa
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Table 3 (continued)Potential900 mmA
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Figure 1 Production trends for pear
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(Elkins et al., 2007). The appearan
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out in Spain under more common grow
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Figure 4Relationships between the p
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Data in Figure 5 suggest that there
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e saved, but this causes a reductio
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pear 389
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Figure 1 Production trends for peac
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Figure 2bEvolution of vegetative (s
Page 405 and 406: The postharvest period is important
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Page 409 and 410: PHOTOPeach leaf appearance under th
Page 411 and 412: FIGURE 5Relation between the crop c
Page 413 and 414: In applying RDI strategies an impor
Page 415: peach 407
Page 418 and 419: Figure 1 Production trends of walnu
Page 420: 1 100 mm, a team in California appl
Page 423 and 424: Figure 1 Production trends for pist
Page 425 and 426: There are two types of shoot growth
Page 427 and 428: FIGURE 3Time course development of
Page 429 and 430: Stage III was the most stress sensi
Page 431: (see Chapter 4), as in other specie
Page 434 and 435: Table 2 Suggested RDI strategies fo
Page 437 and 438: Lead AuthorSCristos Xiloyannis(Univ
Page 439 and 440: is completed within 20 days; therea
Page 441 and 442: or peach. However, because fruit is
Page 443 and 444: to a midday value varying between -
Page 446 and 447: Lead AuthorRaúl Ferreyraand Gabrie
Page 448 and 449: The most critical developmental per
Page 450 and 451: Figure 4Effects of the level of app
Page 453 and 454: Lead AuthorJordi Marsal(IRTA, Lleid
Page 455: water stress should not be imposed
Page 459 and 460: ReferencesAntunez A., Stockle, C. &
Page 463 and 464: Lead AuthorSVictor O. Sadras(SARDI
Page 465 and 466: Current season inflorescences becom
Page 467 and 468: the actual timing of each critical
Page 469 and 470: environments, rainfall pulses and l
Page 471 and 472: Figure 6Yield reduction with increa
Page 473 and 474: Table 3Yield and yield components o
Page 475 and 476: Figure 9Wine quality score as a fun
Page 477 and 478: Figure 11Wine attributes of Tempran
Page 479 and 480: (McCarthy and Coombe, 1999), but ev
Page 481 and 482: Figure 15Relative yield as a functi
Page 484: Shiraz, Grenache and Mourvèdre in
Page 487 and 488: Girona, J., Mata, M., del Campo, J.
Page 491 and 492: Lead AuthorSCristos Xiloyannis(Univ
Page 493 and 494: Figure 2Seasonal pattern of the lea
Page 495 and 496: Figure 5Fraction of the exposed and
Page 497 and 498: FIGURE 9Soil volume explored by roo
Page 499 and 500: Water Requirements and IrrigationMa
Page 501 and 502: 5. EpilogueThis publication, Irriga
Page 503 and 504: operating systems (e.g., Linux, Uni
Page 505: Crop yield response to waterAbstrac
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