Crop yield response to water - Cra

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Figure 4Apricot (cv. Búlida) shoot length and fruit diameter as % of their final value(Torrecillas et al. 2000).shoot fruit10080% Growth60402000 20 40 60 80Days from full bloomFigure 5Schematic representation of the recommended RDI strategy during the season. A reductiondown to 30-50 percent ET c (depending on soil water holding capacity) should be evaluatedaccording to the water availability in the soil explored by roots. Ψ indicates the minimumpredawn leaf water potential below which there is risk of yield reduction. The developmentalpattern is that of an early ripening cultivar.MAR. APR. MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV.FRUIT GROWTHPOSTHARVESTSTAGE I II III EARLY LATE100 % ET c30-50 % ETc-0.45 MPa -0.7 MPa-1.30 MPaapricot 437
to a midday value varying between -2.5 to 3.0 MPa). The percentage of ET c reduction shouldbe carefully evaluated according to the available water in the root zones, which is affectedby soil hydraulic characteristics and rootstocks. Table 2 presents recommended K c values foran SDI strategy tested in Southern Italy. This strategy was tested for three years in a dripirrigated apricot orchard (cv. S.Castrese, Palmette 740 plant/ha) grown in an area with 980mm ET o from April to September. About 5 600 m 3 /ha were supplied during the whole season.Long-term application of the SDI strategy should be evaluated locally and season-by-season.The sustainability of the orchard under the RDI/SDI regime in the long run depends on howeffectively winter rainfall refills the soil volume explored by roots.REFERENCESAbrisqueta J.M., Ruiz A. & Franco, J.A. 2001. Water balance of apricot trees (Prunus armeniaca L. cv. Búlida) under dripirrigation. Agricultural Water Management 50:211-227.Dichio B., Montanaro G., Nuzzo V., Xiloyannis C. & Giandomenico I., 1999. Leaf area evolution, light interception, yieldand quality of apricot trees (cultivar Tyrinthos) trained to transverse Y and Vase. Acta Horticulturae, 488: 527-532.FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database, available at link http://faostat.fao.org/. Accessed on December 2011.Kramarenko, L.A. 2010. Withstanding of Moscow apricots under extremely low (winter 2006) and extremely high(winter 2006-07) temperatures. Acta Horticulturae (ISHS) 862:453-458Montanaro, G., Dichio, B. & Xiloyannis, C. 2010. Significance of fruit transpiration on calcium nutrition in developingapricot fruit. Journal of Plant Nutrition Soil Science, 173: 618–622. doi: 10.1002/jpln.200900376.Nuzzo, V., Biasi, R., Dichio, B., Montanaro, G., Xiloyannis, C. & Lanzieri, A. 1999. Influence of different light availabilityon flower bud quality in cultivar Tyrinthos (Prunus armeniaca L.). Acta Horticulturae, 488: 477-482.Perez-Pastor, A., Domingo, R., Torrecillas, A. & Ruiz-Sanchez, M. 2009. Response of apricot trees to deficit irrigationstrategies. Irrigation Science 27:231-242.Ruiz, D., Campoy, J.A. & Egea, J. 2007. Chilling and heat requirements of apricot cultivars for flowering. Environmentaland Experimental Botany 61 (2007) 254–263.Torrecillas, A., Domingo, R., Galego, R. & Ruiz-Sanchez, M.C. 2000. Apricot tree response to withholding irrigation indifferent phenological periods. Scientia Horticulturae 85:201-215.Xiloyannis, C., Nuzzo, V., Dichio, B., Celano, G. & Montanaro, G. 2000. Characterization of training system in relationto water use efficiency in apricot and kiwifruit plants. Acta Horticulturae, 537: 207-213.438crop yield response to water
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Crop yieldresponse to waterFAOIRRIG
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1. IntroductionFood production and
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Lead AuthorsMartin Smith(formerly F
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3. Yield response to waterof herbac
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The WP parameter introduced in Aqua
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figure 7 The root zone depicted as
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threshold and 1.0 at the lower thre
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also calculated by multiplying with
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FIGURE 14 Schematic representation
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figure 17ClimateInput data defining
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Table 1 Conservative crop parameter
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figure 18 The Main AquaCrop menu.di
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Applications to Irrigation Manageme
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Box 1 Simulating deficit irrigation
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for each planting date. If there ar
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ox 2 (CONTINUED)FIGURE 1 Difference
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Heng, L.K., Hsiao,T.C., Evett, S.,
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Table 2Additional information and d
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capacity (FC) and permanent wilting
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densities. This range is referred t
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Table 3Comparison of simulated with
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In Equation 3 C a is the mean air C
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REFERENCESAllen, R., Pereira, L., R
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Lead AuthorSenthold Asseng(formerly
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Figure 1 World wheat harvested area
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When nutrition is limiting, yield p
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wheat 101
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Figure 1 World rice harvested area
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Response to StressesBecause rice ev
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Lead AuthorTheodore C. Hsiao(Univer
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emergence to flowering is about 65
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ReferencesAyers, R.S. & Westcot, D.
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Figure 1 World soybean harvested ar
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A number of studies indicate that s
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ReferencesBhatia, V.S., Piara Singh
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Figure 1 World barley harvested are
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Barley development may be thought o
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The seasonal water requirements for
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Lead AuthorSuhas P. Wani(ICRISAT, A
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sowing usually starts in late Septe
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loss. If water stress is severe eno
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ReferencesFAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online
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Figure 1 World cotton harvested are
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Response to StressesCotton stands o
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FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database,
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spring. In double cropping, sowing
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size as affected by soil water defi
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sunflower 171
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to produce energy (electricity from
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Response to stressLow temperatureSu
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Sugarcane 181
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Figure 1 World potato harvested are
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initiation, vigorous canopy, profus
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ReferencesBradshaw, J.E. 2009. A ge
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Tomato requires soils with proper w
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and there is frequent wetting of ex
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is so excessive that fruit setting
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Lead AuthorsMichele Rinaldi(CRA, Ba
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North Africa and near East ranges f
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Water use & ProductivitySugar beets
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ReferencesAllen, R.G., Pereira, L.S
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Figure 1 Alfalfa harvested area (SA
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Water use & ProductivityAs a perenn
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SalinityAlfalfa is tolerant to rela
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Lead AuthorAsha Karunaratne(formerl
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Generally, the growing season begin
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FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database,
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*Flower and grain colour presented
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Figure 1 World quinoa harvested are
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with typical values around 10.5 g/m
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ReferencesAlvarez-Jubete, L., Arend
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Growth and developmentThe common me
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soils (EARO, 2002). Tef has some to
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tef 243
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Lead AuthorsElias Fereres(Universit
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equirements per unit land area for
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figure 6 The water balance of an or
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ox 2 Understanding the transpiratio
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Orchard transpirationTree Tr is det
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ox 4 Sample calculation of E dz , E
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ox 5 Computing olive tree transpira
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FIGURE 10 Crop coefficient (K c ) c
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For training systems on a vertical
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ox 7Consumptive and non-consumptive
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are seeking more precision in their
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ox 9 Examples of soil water monitor
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ox 10 (CONTINUED)The major limitati
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ox 12Definition of CWSI and an exam
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The water budget methodWith this me
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ox 15 Evolution of soil water under
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opening and photosynthesis relative
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that occur during the periods of fr
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The crop, where price can vary more
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Modify horticultural practicesPruni
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FIGURE 13Comparison of yield per un
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season. Thus the risks of salinity
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4.1 Fruit trees and vinesEditor:Eli
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Figure 1 Production trends for oliv
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Figure 2Occurrence and duration of
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The use of displacement sensors to
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Figure 4 Relationship between relat
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Table 3 Sample calculation of month
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clayey soils. If supply is very lim
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Lead AuthorDavid A. Goldhamer(forme
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Fruit growth during this stage is t
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Season-long stressSeveral studies h
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Table 1Published monthly crop coeff
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Four crop-water-production function
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size distribution toward more favou
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Lead AuthorSAmos Naor(GRI, Universi
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Apples tend to have a biennial bear
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water stress and thus highly respon
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indicate that deficit irrigation ad
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Figure 7Effect of midday light inte
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Figure 10Response of marketable fru
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Failla, O., Zocchi, Z., Treccani, C
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Figure 1 Production trends for plum
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soil water. In young orchards, post
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Figure 3 Relationships between rela
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ReferencesAllen, R.G., Pereira, L.S
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Figure 1 Production trends for almo
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FIGURE 2The three stages of almond
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Figure 3Differences in the cultivar
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Indicators of tree water statusTo p
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nuts are rapidly expanding and late
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ReferencesAyars, J.E., Johnson, R.
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Table 2 (Continued)Year TreatmentWa
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Table 3 (continued)Potential900 mmA
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Figure 1 Production trends for pear
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(Elkins et al., 2007). The appearan
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out in Spain under more common grow
Page 392 and 393: Figure 4Relationships between the p
Page 394 and 395: Data in Figure 5 suggest that there
Page 396 and 397: e saved, but this causes a reductio
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Page 401 and 402: Figure 1 Production trends for peac
Page 403 and 404: Figure 2bEvolution of vegetative (s
Page 405 and 406: The postharvest period is important
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Page 409 and 410: PHOTOPeach leaf appearance under th
Page 411 and 412: FIGURE 5Relation between the crop c
Page 413 and 414: In applying RDI strategies an impor
Page 415: peach 407
Page 418 and 419: Figure 1 Production trends of walnu
Page 420: 1 100 mm, a team in California appl
Page 423 and 424: Figure 1 Production trends for pist
Page 425 and 426: There are two types of shoot growth
Page 427 and 428: FIGURE 3Time course development of
Page 429 and 430: Stage III was the most stress sensi
Page 431: (see Chapter 4), as in other specie
Page 434 and 435: Table 2 Suggested RDI strategies fo
Page 437 and 438: Lead AuthorSCristos Xiloyannis(Univ
Page 439 and 440: is completed within 20 days; therea
Page 441: or peach. However, because fruit is
Page 446 and 447: Lead AuthorRaúl Ferreyraand Gabrie
Page 448 and 449: The most critical developmental per
Page 450 and 451: Figure 4Effects of the level of app
Page 453 and 454: Lead AuthorJordi Marsal(IRTA, Lleid
Page 455 and 456: water stress should not be imposed
Page 457 and 458: Under certain growing conditions, s
Page 459 and 460: ReferencesAntunez A., Stockle, C. &
Page 463 and 464: Lead AuthorSVictor O. Sadras(SARDI
Page 465 and 466: Current season inflorescences becom
Page 467 and 468: the actual timing of each critical
Page 469 and 470: environments, rainfall pulses and l
Page 471 and 472: Figure 6Yield reduction with increa
Page 473 and 474: Table 3Yield and yield components o
Page 475 and 476: Figure 9Wine quality score as a fun
Page 477 and 478: Figure 11Wine attributes of Tempran
Page 479 and 480: (McCarthy and Coombe, 1999), but ev
Page 481 and 482: Figure 15Relative yield as a functi
Page 484: Shiraz, Grenache and Mourvèdre in
Page 487 and 488: Girona, J., Mata, M., del Campo, J.
Page 491 and 492: Lead AuthorSCristos Xiloyannis(Univ
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Figure 2Seasonal pattern of the lea
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Figure 5Fraction of the exposed and
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FIGURE 9Soil volume explored by roo
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Water Requirements and IrrigationMa
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5. EpilogueThis publication, Irriga
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operating systems (e.g., Linux, Uni
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Crop yield response to waterAbstrac
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