Crop yield response to water - Cra

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Table 2 Suggested RDI strategies for different available water supply senarios from 900 to 300 mm when ET c is 1 100 mm.Potential900 mmavailable case750 mmavailable case600 mmavailable case450 mmavailable case300 mmavailable caseDateGrowthStageET c inPeriod(mm)IrrigationRate(% ET c )AppliedAmount(mm)IrrigationRate(% ET c )AppliedAmount(mm)IrrigationRate(% ET c )AppliedAmount(mm)IrrigationRate(% ET c )AppliedAmount(mm)IrrigationRate(% ET c )AppliedAmount(mm)Apr. 16-30 1Leafout, flowering;shoot elongation33 100 33 50 16 50 16 25 8 10 3May 1-15 1Fruit set; hull, shellexpansion59 100 59 50 30 50 30 25 15 10 6May 16-31 2 Shell hardening 91 50 45 25 23 25 23 25 23 10 9June 1-15 2 Shell hardening 122 50 61 25 31 25 31 10 12 10 12June 16-30 2 Shell hardening 137 50 68 25 34 25 34 10 14 10 14July 1-15 3 Rapid kernel growth 128 100 128 100 128 75 96 10 13 10 13July 16-31 3 Rapid kernel growth 123 100 123 100 123 75 93 75 93 50 62Aug. 1-15 3 Shell splitting 124 100 124 100 124 75 93 75 93 50 62Aug. 16-31 3 Hull breakdown 100 100 100 100 100 75 75 75 75 50 50Sept. 1-15 Harvest 83 100 83 100 83 75 62 75 62 50 42Sept. 16-30 Posthavest Bud differentiation 56 100 56 25 14 25 14 25 14 10 6Oct. 1-15 Posthavest Bud differentiation 35 100 35 25 9 25 9 25 9 10 4Oct. 16-31 Postharvest Bud differentiation 19 100 19 25 5 25 5 25 5 10 2Nov. 1-15 Postharvest Defoliation 10 100 10 25 2 25 2 25 2 10 1Total 1 121 946 722 583 438 284Irrigations perseason30 25 19 16 12 8428crop yield response to water
ReferencesAydın, Y. 2004. The effects of different irrigation water and nitrogen levels on yield and alternate bearing onpistachio. Dep. of Agric. Struc. and Irrig. Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Çukurova, Adana, 145 pp. (Ph.D.Thesis)Beede, R.H, C.E. Kallsen, M.W. Freeman, L. Ferguson, B.A. Holtz, K.M. Klonskey, & DeMoura, R.L. 2004. Sample coststo establish and produce pistachios. University of California Coop. Extn. Publ. PI-SJ-04. 25 p.Behboudian, M.H, Walker, R.R. & Torokfalvy, E. 1986. Effects of water stress and salinity on photosynthesis ofpistachio. Scientia Horticulturae 29:251-261.Doster, M.A. & Michailides, T.J. 1995. The development of early split pistachio nuts and their contamination bymolds, aflatoxins, and insects. Acta Horticulturae 419:359-364.FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database, available at link http://faostat.fao.org/. Accessed on December 2011.Germana, C. 1997. The response of pistachio trees to water stress as affected by two different rootstocks. ActaHorticulturae 449:513-520.Goldhamer, D.A., Kjelgren, R., Beede, R., Moore, J.M., Lane, J., Menezes Jr., J., & Weinberger, G. 1984. Physiologicalresponse of pistachio to severe water stress. In: Annual Report. Crop Year 1983-1984. Fresno, CA, CaliforniaPistachio Industry, pp. 44-47.Goldhamer, D.A., Kjelgren, R.K., Williams, L., & Beede, R. 1985. Water use requirements of pistachio trees andresponse to water stress. In: Proceedings of the National Conference on Advances in Evapotranspiration. AmericanSociety of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, Chicago, IL, USA, December 16-17 216-223.Goldhamer, D.A., Kjelgren, R.K., Beede, R., Williams, L., Moore, J.M., Lane, J., Weinberger, G., & J. Menezes, Jr. 1985.Water use requirements of pistachio trees and response to water stress. In: Annual Report. Crop Year 1984-1985.California Pistachio Industry, Fresno, CA, pp. 85-92.Goldhamer, D.A., Phene, B.C., Beede, R., Sherlin, L., Mahan, S., & Rose, D. 1987. Effects of sustained deficit irrigationon pistachio tree performance. In: Annual Report. Crop Year 1986-1987. Fresno, CA, California Pistachio Industry,pp. 61-66.Goldhamer, D.A., Beede, R. H., & Fusi, S. 1991. Effects of deficit irrigation timing on pistachio tree productivity. In:Annual Report, crop year 1990-1991. California Pistachio Industry, Fresno, CA, pp. 84-87.Goldhamer, D.A., & Beede, R. H. 2004. Regulated deficit irrigation effects on yield, nut quality and water-useefficiency of mature pistachio trees. Journal of Horticultural Science & Biotechnology, 79(4):538-545.Goldhamer, D.A., Beede, R.H., Michailides, T.J., Salinas, M. & Doster, M. 2005. Effects of regulated deficit irrigationon shell splitting and nut quality at harvest (second year report). In: Annual Report, crop year 2004-2005. Fresno,CA, California Pistachio Industry, pp. 104-106.Kanber, R., Yazar, A., Onder, S. & Koksal, H. 1993. Irrigation response of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.). Irrigation Science14:7-14.Kermani, M.M. & Salesi, F. 2006. Determination of pistachio crop evapotranspiration (ET c ). Acta Horticulturae726:441-448.Monstra, F., Avanzato, D., Martelli, S. & Dascanio, D. 1995. Pistachio trial under different volumes of irrigation inItaly. Acta Horticulturae 419:249-252.Polito, V.S. & Pinney, K. 1999. Endocarp dehiscence in pistachio (Pistacia vera L.). International Journal of PlantSciences 160:827-835.Sedaghati, N. & Alipour, H. 2006. The effect of different time of irrigation on occurrence of early split (ES) ofpistachio nuts. Acta Horticulturae 726:583-586.Spann, T.M, Beede, R.H. & DeJong, T.M. 2009. Contributions of short- and long-shoots to yield of ‘Kerman’ pistachio(Pistaca vera L.) Scientia Horticulturae, 121(4):495-500.Spiegel-Roy, P., Mazigh, D. & Evenari, M. 1977. Response of pistachio to low soil moisture conditions. Journal of theAmerican Society for Horticultural Science, 102(4):470-473.Steduto, P., Kanber, R., Yükçeken, Y., Unlu, M., Özekici, B., Çetinkökü, Ö. & Others. 2002. Growth, yield andperiodicity of pistachio under different water and nutritional levels: Investigation in the Southeastern AnatoliaProject Region (GAP). Final Report of WASIA PROJECT. CIHAEM-IAM/Bari, 112 pp.Tekin, H., Genc, C., Kuru, C. & Akkok, F. 1990. Determining the nutrition levels and suitable time for leaf sampling ofpistachio. In: Proceedings of the First Pistachio Symposium, Gazeiantep, Turkey, pp. 120-138.Walter, R.R., Torokfalvy, E., & Behboudian, M.H. 1988. Photosynthetic rates and solute partitioning in relation togrowth of salt-treated pistachio plants. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 15(6):787-798.PISTACHIO 429
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Crop yieldresponse to waterFAOIRRIG
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1. IntroductionFood production and
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Lead AuthorsMartin Smith(formerly F
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3. Yield response to waterof herbac
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The WP parameter introduced in Aqua
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figure 7 The root zone depicted as
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threshold and 1.0 at the lower thre
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also calculated by multiplying with
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FIGURE 14 Schematic representation
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figure 17ClimateInput data defining
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Table 1 Conservative crop parameter
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figure 18 The Main AquaCrop menu.di
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Applications to Irrigation Manageme
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Box 1 Simulating deficit irrigation
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for each planting date. If there ar
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ox 2 (CONTINUED)FIGURE 1 Difference
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Heng, L.K., Hsiao,T.C., Evett, S.,
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Table 2Additional information and d
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capacity (FC) and permanent wilting
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densities. This range is referred t
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Table 3Comparison of simulated with
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In Equation 3 C a is the mean air C
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REFERENCESAllen, R., Pereira, L., R
Page 107 and 108:
Lead AuthorSenthold Asseng(formerly
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Figure 1 World wheat harvested area
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When nutrition is limiting, yield p
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wheat 101
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Figure 1 World rice harvested area
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Response to StressesBecause rice ev
Page 129 and 130:
Lead AuthorTheodore C. Hsiao(Univer
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emergence to flowering is about 65
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ReferencesAyers, R.S. & Westcot, D.
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Figure 1 World soybean harvested ar
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A number of studies indicate that s
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ReferencesBhatia, V.S., Piara Singh
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Figure 1 World barley harvested are
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Barley development may be thought o
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The seasonal water requirements for
Page 159 and 160:
Lead AuthorSuhas P. Wani(ICRISAT, A
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sowing usually starts in late Septe
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loss. If water stress is severe eno
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ReferencesFAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online
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Figure 1 World cotton harvested are
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Response to StressesCotton stands o
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FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database,
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spring. In double cropping, sowing
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size as affected by soil water defi
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sunflower 171
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to produce energy (electricity from
Page 193 and 194:
Response to stressLow temperatureSu
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Sugarcane 181
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Figure 1 World potato harvested are
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initiation, vigorous canopy, profus
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ReferencesBradshaw, J.E. 2009. A ge
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Tomato requires soils with proper w
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and there is frequent wetting of ex
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is so excessive that fruit setting
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Lead AuthorsMichele Rinaldi(CRA, Ba
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North Africa and near East ranges f
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Water use & ProductivitySugar beets
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ReferencesAllen, R.G., Pereira, L.S
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Figure 1 Alfalfa harvested area (SA
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Water use & ProductivityAs a perenn
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SalinityAlfalfa is tolerant to rela
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Lead AuthorAsha Karunaratne(formerl
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Generally, the growing season begin
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FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database,
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*Flower and grain colour presented
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Figure 1 World quinoa harvested are
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with typical values around 10.5 g/m
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ReferencesAlvarez-Jubete, L., Arend
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Growth and developmentThe common me
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soils (EARO, 2002). Tef has some to
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tef 243
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Lead AuthorsElias Fereres(Universit
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equirements per unit land area for
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figure 6 The water balance of an or
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ox 2 Understanding the transpiratio
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Orchard transpirationTree Tr is det
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ox 4 Sample calculation of E dz , E
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ox 5 Computing olive tree transpira
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FIGURE 10 Crop coefficient (K c ) c
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For training systems on a vertical
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ox 7Consumptive and non-consumptive
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are seeking more precision in their
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ox 9 Examples of soil water monitor
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ox 10 (CONTINUED)The major limitati
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ox 12Definition of CWSI and an exam
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The water budget methodWith this me
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ox 15 Evolution of soil water under
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opening and photosynthesis relative
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that occur during the periods of fr
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The crop, where price can vary more
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Modify horticultural practicesPruni
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FIGURE 13Comparison of yield per un
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season. Thus the risks of salinity
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4.1 Fruit trees and vinesEditor:Eli
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Figure 1 Production trends for oliv
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Figure 2Occurrence and duration of
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The use of displacement sensors to
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Figure 4 Relationship between relat
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Table 3 Sample calculation of month
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clayey soils. If supply is very lim
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Lead AuthorDavid A. Goldhamer(forme
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Fruit growth during this stage is t
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Season-long stressSeveral studies h
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Table 1Published monthly crop coeff
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Four crop-water-production function
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size distribution toward more favou
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Lead AuthorSAmos Naor(GRI, Universi
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Apples tend to have a biennial bear
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water stress and thus highly respon
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indicate that deficit irrigation ad
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Figure 7Effect of midday light inte
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Figure 10Response of marketable fru
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Failla, O., Zocchi, Z., Treccani, C
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Figure 1 Production trends for plum
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soil water. In young orchards, post
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Figure 3 Relationships between rela
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ReferencesAllen, R.G., Pereira, L.S
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Figure 1 Production trends for almo
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FIGURE 2The three stages of almond
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Figure 3Differences in the cultivar
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Indicators of tree water statusTo p
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nuts are rapidly expanding and late
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ReferencesAyars, J.E., Johnson, R.
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Table 2 (Continued)Year TreatmentWa
Page 383: Table 3 (continued)Potential900 mmA
Page 386 and 387: Figure 1 Production trends for pear
Page 388 and 389: (Elkins et al., 2007). The appearan
Page 390 and 391: out in Spain under more common grow
Page 392 and 393: Figure 4Relationships between the p
Page 394 and 395: Data in Figure 5 suggest that there
Page 396 and 397: e saved, but this causes a reductio
Page 398: pear 389
Page 401 and 402: Figure 1 Production trends for peac
Page 403 and 404: Figure 2bEvolution of vegetative (s
Page 405 and 406: The postharvest period is important
Page 407 and 408: the midday stem-water potential in
Page 409 and 410: PHOTOPeach leaf appearance under th
Page 411 and 412: FIGURE 5Relation between the crop c
Page 413 and 414: In applying RDI strategies an impor
Page 415: peach 407
Page 418 and 419: Figure 1 Production trends of walnu
Page 420: 1 100 mm, a team in California appl
Page 423 and 424: Figure 1 Production trends for pist
Page 425 and 426: There are two types of shoot growth
Page 427 and 428: FIGURE 3Time course development of
Page 429 and 430: Stage III was the most stress sensi
Page 431: (see Chapter 4), as in other specie
Page 437 and 438: Lead AuthorSCristos Xiloyannis(Univ
Page 439 and 440: is completed within 20 days; therea
Page 441 and 442: or peach. However, because fruit is
Page 443 and 444: to a midday value varying between -
Page 446 and 447: Lead AuthorRaúl Ferreyraand Gabrie
Page 448 and 449: The most critical developmental per
Page 450 and 451: Figure 4Effects of the level of app
Page 453 and 454: Lead AuthorJordi Marsal(IRTA, Lleid
Page 455 and 456: water stress should not be imposed
Page 457 and 458: Under certain growing conditions, s
Page 459 and 460: ReferencesAntunez A., Stockle, C. &
Page 463 and 464: Lead AuthorSVictor O. Sadras(SARDI
Page 465 and 466: Current season inflorescences becom
Page 467 and 468: the actual timing of each critical
Page 469 and 470: environments, rainfall pulses and l
Page 471 and 472: Figure 6Yield reduction with increa
Page 473 and 474: Table 3Yield and yield components o
Page 475 and 476: Figure 9Wine quality score as a fun
Page 477 and 478: Figure 11Wine attributes of Tempran
Page 479 and 480: (McCarthy and Coombe, 1999), but ev
Page 481 and 482: Figure 15Relative yield as a functi
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Shiraz, Grenache and Mourvèdre in
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Girona, J., Mata, M., del Campo, J.
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Lead AuthorSCristos Xiloyannis(Univ
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Figure 2Seasonal pattern of the lea
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Figure 5Fraction of the exposed and
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FIGURE 9Soil volume explored by roo
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Water Requirements and IrrigationMa
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5. EpilogueThis publication, Irriga
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operating systems (e.g., Linux, Uni
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Crop yield response to waterAbstrac
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