Crop yield response to water - Cra

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Figure 4Total tree nut load for trees subjected to RDI regime that imposed stress in Stage I comparedwith a fully irrigated control. Note the impact of RDI on the alternate bearing pattern. Verticalbars are plus and minus one standard error.Stage IFully irrigated control30 000Total tree nut load (No./tree)25 00020 00015 00010 0005 00002004 2005 2006 2007Figure 5The impact of the first year of dryland conditions during both ‘on’ and ‘off’ alternate bearingyears on the yield and yield components of previously fully irrigated pistachio trees.300Relative performance (% fully irrigated)25020015010050OffOn0Split NutWeightTotal Nut Load Splitting(Harvest)Harvestibility(Filled)Harvestibility(Splits)Blanks+AbortYield(Splits)424crop yield response to water
(see Chapter 4), as in other species, there is a good correlation between midday shaded LWP(faster to measure) and stem-water potential (Goldhamer et al., 2005).One factor that complicates taking LWP measurement on pistachio leaves is that at the onsetof gas injection into the chamber, exudates, presumably from the phloem, appear at the cutend of the petiole. These can interfere with identifying the instant xylem fluids appear. Oneapproach to eliminating this problem is to use a cotton swab to soak up these exudates priorto the appearance of the xylem fluid. Another approach to eliminating this problem usesblotting paper positioned at the cut end of the petiole that absorbs only xylem fluid butexcludes the other interfering fluids. A third approach is not to use individual leaves but small,interior shaded spurs that may have one to four leaves. The procedure involves covering thespur with a damp cloth just prior to excision. A few millimiters of bark is removed at the cutend with either a small knife or a thumbnail. The entire spur is placed in the chamber afterthe cloth is removed and the reading is taken. It is quite easy to identify the appearance ofthe xylem since there is no interference of phloem exudates and the cross-sectional area ofview is larger than the leaf petiole. Goldhamer also found a good correlation between spurwater potential and midday shaded LWP. The slope of the relationship was about unity butthe intercept indicated that the spur water potential differs from the shaded LWP reading byabout -0.7 MPa.Water RequirementsRelatively few studies have quantified pistachio ET c . Research in Iran with Ohadi on BadamiZarand rootstock (Kermani and Salehi, 2006), concluded that 600 and 1 200 mm per seasonshould be applied with drip and flood irrigation, respectively, although 910 mm was reportedas a ‘previously determined’ irrigation amount for mature pistachio trees (Kermani and Salehi,2006). Early studies found that trees irrigated with a K p (pan evaporation) value of 0.50produced equally as well as those irrigated with a K p of 0.75 for Larnaka on P. integerrimarootstock (Monstra et al., 1995). In Southeast Turkey, the K c values for Antep and Uzun varietiesrose from 0.49 in May to 0.80 in August and continued at this magnitude through the firstweek of September when they declined to 0.32 during October because of leaf senescence(Kanber et al., 1993). However, it was noted that while all irrigation regimes began the seasonwith a nearly full soil water profile, they all ended with it nearly depleted. The researcherssuspected that there was insufficient irrigation to meet ET c for their most heavily irrigatedtrees (Kanber et al., 1993).A soil water balance approach with arrays of neutron probe access tubes to a depth of 3 mand ET o estimates from a nearby weather station was used to calculate bimonthly K c valuesfor mature Kerman on Atlantica rootstock (Table 1) (Goldhamer et al., 1985). A unique aspectof this approach was to make use of soil hydraulic conductivity data obtained in a separateexperiment to eliminate one of the shortcomings of the water balance approach to determineET c : deep percolation below the deepest depth monitored.PISTACHIO 425
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Crop yieldresponse to waterFAOIRRIG
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1. IntroductionFood production and
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Lead AuthorsMartin Smith(formerly F
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3. Yield response to waterof herbac
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The WP parameter introduced in Aqua
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figure 7 The root zone depicted as
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threshold and 1.0 at the lower thre
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also calculated by multiplying with
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FIGURE 14 Schematic representation
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figure 17ClimateInput data defining
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Table 1 Conservative crop parameter
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figure 18 The Main AquaCrop menu.di
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Applications to Irrigation Manageme
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Box 1 Simulating deficit irrigation
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for each planting date. If there ar
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ox 2 (CONTINUED)FIGURE 1 Difference
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Heng, L.K., Hsiao,T.C., Evett, S.,
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Table 2Additional information and d
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capacity (FC) and permanent wilting
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densities. This range is referred t
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Table 3Comparison of simulated with
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In Equation 3 C a is the mean air C
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REFERENCESAllen, R., Pereira, L., R
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Lead AuthorSenthold Asseng(formerly
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Figure 1 World wheat harvested area
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When nutrition is limiting, yield p
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wheat 101
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Figure 1 World rice harvested area
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Response to StressesBecause rice ev
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Lead AuthorTheodore C. Hsiao(Univer
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emergence to flowering is about 65
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ReferencesAyers, R.S. & Westcot, D.
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Figure 1 World soybean harvested ar
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A number of studies indicate that s
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ReferencesBhatia, V.S., Piara Singh
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Figure 1 World barley harvested are
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Barley development may be thought o
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The seasonal water requirements for
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Lead AuthorSuhas P. Wani(ICRISAT, A
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sowing usually starts in late Septe
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loss. If water stress is severe eno
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ReferencesFAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online
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Figure 1 World cotton harvested are
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Response to StressesCotton stands o
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FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database,
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spring. In double cropping, sowing
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size as affected by soil water defi
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sunflower 171
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to produce energy (electricity from
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Response to stressLow temperatureSu
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Sugarcane 181
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Figure 1 World potato harvested are
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initiation, vigorous canopy, profus
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ReferencesBradshaw, J.E. 2009. A ge
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Tomato requires soils with proper w
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and there is frequent wetting of ex
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is so excessive that fruit setting
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Lead AuthorsMichele Rinaldi(CRA, Ba
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North Africa and near East ranges f
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Water use & ProductivitySugar beets
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ReferencesAllen, R.G., Pereira, L.S
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Figure 1 Alfalfa harvested area (SA
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Water use & ProductivityAs a perenn
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SalinityAlfalfa is tolerant to rela
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Lead AuthorAsha Karunaratne(formerl
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Generally, the growing season begin
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FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database,
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*Flower and grain colour presented
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Figure 1 World quinoa harvested are
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with typical values around 10.5 g/m
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ReferencesAlvarez-Jubete, L., Arend
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Growth and developmentThe common me
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soils (EARO, 2002). Tef has some to
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tef 243
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Lead AuthorsElias Fereres(Universit
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equirements per unit land area for
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figure 6 The water balance of an or
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ox 2 Understanding the transpiratio
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Orchard transpirationTree Tr is det
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ox 4 Sample calculation of E dz , E
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ox 5 Computing olive tree transpira
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FIGURE 10 Crop coefficient (K c ) c
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For training systems on a vertical
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ox 7Consumptive and non-consumptive
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are seeking more precision in their
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ox 9 Examples of soil water monitor
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ox 10 (CONTINUED)The major limitati
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ox 12Definition of CWSI and an exam
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The water budget methodWith this me
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ox 15 Evolution of soil water under
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opening and photosynthesis relative
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that occur during the periods of fr
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The crop, where price can vary more
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Modify horticultural practicesPruni
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FIGURE 13Comparison of yield per un
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season. Thus the risks of salinity
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4.1 Fruit trees and vinesEditor:Eli
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Figure 1 Production trends for oliv
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Figure 2Occurrence and duration of
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The use of displacement sensors to
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Figure 4 Relationship between relat
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Table 3 Sample calculation of month
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clayey soils. If supply is very lim
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Lead AuthorDavid A. Goldhamer(forme
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Fruit growth during this stage is t
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Season-long stressSeveral studies h
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Table 1Published monthly crop coeff
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Four crop-water-production function
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size distribution toward more favou
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Lead AuthorSAmos Naor(GRI, Universi
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Apples tend to have a biennial bear
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water stress and thus highly respon
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indicate that deficit irrigation ad
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Figure 7Effect of midday light inte
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Figure 10Response of marketable fru
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Failla, O., Zocchi, Z., Treccani, C
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Figure 1 Production trends for plum
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soil water. In young orchards, post
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Figure 3 Relationships between rela
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ReferencesAllen, R.G., Pereira, L.S
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Figure 1 Production trends for almo
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FIGURE 2The three stages of almond
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Figure 3Differences in the cultivar
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Indicators of tree water statusTo p
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nuts are rapidly expanding and late
Page 379 and 380: ReferencesAyars, J.E., Johnson, R.
Page 381 and 382: Table 2 (Continued)Year TreatmentWa
Page 383: Table 3 (continued)Potential900 mmA
Page 386 and 387: Figure 1 Production trends for pear
Page 388 and 389: (Elkins et al., 2007). The appearan
Page 390 and 391: out in Spain under more common grow
Page 392 and 393: Figure 4Relationships between the p
Page 394 and 395: Data in Figure 5 suggest that there
Page 396 and 397: e saved, but this causes a reductio
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Page 401 and 402: Figure 1 Production trends for peac
Page 403 and 404: Figure 2bEvolution of vegetative (s
Page 405 and 406: The postharvest period is important
Page 407 and 408: the midday stem-water potential in
Page 409 and 410: PHOTOPeach leaf appearance under th
Page 411 and 412: FIGURE 5Relation between the crop c
Page 413 and 414: In applying RDI strategies an impor
Page 415: peach 407
Page 418 and 419: Figure 1 Production trends of walnu
Page 420: 1 100 mm, a team in California appl
Page 423 and 424: Figure 1 Production trends for pist
Page 425 and 426: There are two types of shoot growth
Page 427 and 428: FIGURE 3Time course development of
Page 429: Stage III was the most stress sensi
Page 434 and 435: Table 2 Suggested RDI strategies fo
Page 437 and 438: Lead AuthorSCristos Xiloyannis(Univ
Page 439 and 440: is completed within 20 days; therea
Page 441 and 442: or peach. However, because fruit is
Page 443 and 444: to a midday value varying between -
Page 446 and 447: Lead AuthorRaúl Ferreyraand Gabrie
Page 448 and 449: The most critical developmental per
Page 450 and 451: Figure 4Effects of the level of app
Page 453 and 454: Lead AuthorJordi Marsal(IRTA, Lleid
Page 455 and 456: water stress should not be imposed
Page 457 and 458: Under certain growing conditions, s
Page 459 and 460: ReferencesAntunez A., Stockle, C. &
Page 463 and 464: Lead AuthorSVictor O. Sadras(SARDI
Page 465 and 466: Current season inflorescences becom
Page 467 and 468: the actual timing of each critical
Page 469 and 470: environments, rainfall pulses and l
Page 471 and 472: Figure 6Yield reduction with increa
Page 473 and 474: Table 3Yield and yield components o
Page 475 and 476: Figure 9Wine quality score as a fun
Page 477 and 478: Figure 11Wine attributes of Tempran
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Figure 15Relative yield as a functi
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Shiraz, Grenache and Mourvèdre in
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Girona, J., Mata, M., del Campo, J.
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Lead AuthorSCristos Xiloyannis(Univ
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Figure 2Seasonal pattern of the lea
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Figure 5Fraction of the exposed and
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FIGURE 9Soil volume explored by roo
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Water Requirements and IrrigationMa
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5. EpilogueThis publication, Irriga
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operating systems (e.g., Linux, Uni
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Crop yield response to waterAbstrac
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Crop yield response to water - Cra

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