Crop yield response to water - Cra

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Figure 6Relation between relative yield and relative ET c for peach. The black continuous line representsthe production function under no effective RDI irrigation strategies and the dotted black linerepresents the possible production function under effective RDI (data from Girona et al., 2002;Girona et al., 2005; Fereres, unpublished; and, Rufat and Villar, unpublished).Relative yield1.21.11.00.90.80.70.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1Relative ETcC (S)C (D)RDI-SII (S)RDI-SII (D)RDI- PH (S)RDI-PH (D)RDI-SII- PH (S)RDI-SII- PH (D)C (Com)RDI-SII (Com)RDI-SIII (Com)RDI-SIII (1)RDI-SIII (2)CExces SIIIC (Deep S)RDI (Deep S)SDI (Deep S)Table 2FruitgrowthstageSuggested limits of midday stem-water potential for late-season cultivars.Late-season cultivar% of ET c Suggested limits of stem-waterpotential at middayShallow soils (%) Deep soils (%)I 100 100 -0.9 MPaII 65 35 -1.8 MPaIII 100 100 -1.1 MPaPh 80 50 -1.8 MPaTable 3FruitgrowthstageSuggested limits of midday stem-water potential for early-season cultivars (PH: post-harvest stage).Early-season cultivar% of ET c Suggested limits of stem-waterpotential at middayShallow soils (%) Deep soils (%)I 100 100 -0.9 MPaIII 100 100 -1.0 MPaEarly Ph 50 35 -1.8 MPaLate Ph 80 80 -1.2 MPa ** To prevent next year crop failure404crop yield response to water
In applying RDI strategies an important factor is fruit load, and to manage the degree of plantwater stress according to the number of fruit per tree. As has been discussed previously, thefruit load per se has a strong influence on the final size of the fruit (Naor et al., 1999). If fruitnumbers are very high and water is limited, there is a risk that imposing an RDI regime wouldinduce a fruit size reduction. In that case it would be better to reduce fruit load by thinningto achieve the fruit size distribution of the crop that economically provides the highest netprofit to the grower. If fruit load is low, RDI may even increase fruit size above that of fullirrigation and will decrease vegetative growth and summer pruning costs. With medium fruitloads, optimal RDI that reduce ET c by 15-20 percent would not have a negative impact on yieldin most cases.REFERENCESArbeloa, A. & Herrero, M. 1991. Development of the ovular structures in peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch). NewPhytologist 118: 527–534.Ayars, J.E., Johnson, R.S., Phene, C.J., Trout, T.J., Clark, D.A. & Mead, R.M. 2003. Water use by drip-irrigated lateseasonpeaches. Irrigation Science 22:187-194.Chalmers, D.J., Mitchell, P.D. & Van Heek, L. 1981. Control of peach tree growth and productivity by regulatedwater supply, tree density and summer pruning. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science106:307-312.DeJong, T.M., Doyle, J.F., & Day, K.R. 1987. Seasonal patterns of reproductive and vegetative sink activity in earlyand late maturing peach (Prunus persica) cultivars. Physiologia Plantarum 71:83-88.FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database, available at link http://faostat.fao.org/. Accessed on December 2011.Gelly, M., Recasens, I., Mata, M., Arbones, A., Rufat, J., Girona, J. & Marsal, J. 2003. Effects of water deficitduring stage II of peach fruit development and postharvest on fruit quality and ethylene production. Journal ofHorticultural Science & Biotechnology 78:324-330.Gelly, M., Recasens, I., Girona, J., Mata, M., Arbones, A., Rufat, J. & Marsal, J. 2004. Effects of stage II andpostharvest deficit irrigation peach quality during maturation and after cold storage. Journal of the Science ofFood and Agriculture 84:561-568.Girona, J., Mata, M., Fereres, E., Goldhamer, D.A. & Cohen, M. 2002. Evapotranspiration and soil wáter dynamicsof peach tres under wáter déficits. Agricultural Water Management 54:107-122.Girona, J., Mata, M., Arbones, A., Alegre, S., Rufat, J. & Marsal, J. 2003. Peach tree response to single and combinedregulated deficit irrigation regimes under shallow soils. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science128:432-440.Girona, J., Marsal, J., Mata, J., Arbones, J. & DeJong, T.M. 2004. A comparison of the combined effect of waterstress and crop load on fruit growth during different phenological stages in young peach trees. Journal ofHorticultural Science & Biotechnology 79:308-315.Girona, J., Gelly, M., Mata, M., Arbones, A., Rufat, J. & Marsal, J. 2005. Peach tree response to single and combineddeficit irrigation regimes in deep soils. Agricultural Water Management 72:97-108.Goldhamer, D.A., Fereres, E., Mata, M., Girona, J. & Cohen, M. 1999. Sensitivity of continuous and discrete plantand soil water status monitoring in peach trees subjected to deficit irrigation. Journal of the American Societyfor Horticultural Science 124:437-444.Goodwin, I. & Bruce, R. 2011. Postharvest deficit irrigation decreases subsequent fruit number in T204 peach. ActaHorticulturae 889: 205-212.Handley, D.F. & Johnson, R.S. 2000. Late summer irrigation of water-stressed peach trees reduces fruit doublesand deep sutures. Horticultural Science, 35(4):771.Johnson, R.S. & Handley, D.F. 1989. Thinning response of early, mid-, and late-season peaches. Journal of theAmerican Society for Horticultural Science, 114(6):5-12.Johnson, R.S., Handley, D.F. & DeJong, T.M. 1992. Long-term response of early maturing peach trees to postharvestwater deficits. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 117(6):881-886.Johnson, R.S. & Handley, D.F. 2000. Using water stress to control vegetative growth and productivity of temperatefruit trees. Horticultural Science, 35(6):1048-1050.peach 405
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Crop yieldresponse to waterFAOIRRIG
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1. IntroductionFood production and
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Lead AuthorsMartin Smith(formerly F
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3. Yield response to waterof herbac
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The WP parameter introduced in Aqua
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figure 7 The root zone depicted as
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threshold and 1.0 at the lower thre
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also calculated by multiplying with
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FIGURE 14 Schematic representation
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figure 17ClimateInput data defining
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Table 1 Conservative crop parameter
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figure 18 The Main AquaCrop menu.di
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Applications to Irrigation Manageme
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Box 1 Simulating deficit irrigation
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for each planting date. If there ar
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ox 2 (CONTINUED)FIGURE 1 Difference
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Heng, L.K., Hsiao,T.C., Evett, S.,
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Table 2Additional information and d
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capacity (FC) and permanent wilting
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densities. This range is referred t
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Table 3Comparison of simulated with
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In Equation 3 C a is the mean air C
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REFERENCESAllen, R., Pereira, L., R
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Lead AuthorSenthold Asseng(formerly
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Figure 1 World wheat harvested area
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When nutrition is limiting, yield p
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wheat 101
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Figure 1 World rice harvested area
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Response to StressesBecause rice ev
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Lead AuthorTheodore C. Hsiao(Univer
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emergence to flowering is about 65
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ReferencesAyers, R.S. & Westcot, D.
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Figure 1 World soybean harvested ar
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A number of studies indicate that s
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ReferencesBhatia, V.S., Piara Singh
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Figure 1 World barley harvested are
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Barley development may be thought o
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The seasonal water requirements for
Page 159 and 160:
Lead AuthorSuhas P. Wani(ICRISAT, A
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sowing usually starts in late Septe
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loss. If water stress is severe eno
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ReferencesFAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online
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Figure 1 World cotton harvested are
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Response to StressesCotton stands o
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FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database,
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spring. In double cropping, sowing
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size as affected by soil water defi
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sunflower 171
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to produce energy (electricity from
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Response to stressLow temperatureSu
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Sugarcane 181
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Figure 1 World potato harvested are
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initiation, vigorous canopy, profus
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ReferencesBradshaw, J.E. 2009. A ge
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Tomato requires soils with proper w
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and there is frequent wetting of ex
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is so excessive that fruit setting
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Lead AuthorsMichele Rinaldi(CRA, Ba
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North Africa and near East ranges f
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Water use & ProductivitySugar beets
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ReferencesAllen, R.G., Pereira, L.S
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Figure 1 Alfalfa harvested area (SA
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Water use & ProductivityAs a perenn
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SalinityAlfalfa is tolerant to rela
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Lead AuthorAsha Karunaratne(formerl
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Generally, the growing season begin
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FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database,
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*Flower and grain colour presented
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Figure 1 World quinoa harvested are
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with typical values around 10.5 g/m
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ReferencesAlvarez-Jubete, L., Arend
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Growth and developmentThe common me
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soils (EARO, 2002). Tef has some to
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tef 243
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Lead AuthorsElias Fereres(Universit
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equirements per unit land area for
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figure 6 The water balance of an or
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ox 2 Understanding the transpiratio
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Orchard transpirationTree Tr is det
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ox 4 Sample calculation of E dz , E
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ox 5 Computing olive tree transpira
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FIGURE 10 Crop coefficient (K c ) c
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For training systems on a vertical
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ox 7Consumptive and non-consumptive
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are seeking more precision in their
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ox 9 Examples of soil water monitor
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ox 10 (CONTINUED)The major limitati
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ox 12Definition of CWSI and an exam
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The water budget methodWith this me
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ox 15 Evolution of soil water under
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opening and photosynthesis relative
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that occur during the periods of fr
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The crop, where price can vary more
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Modify horticultural practicesPruni
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FIGURE 13Comparison of yield per un
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season. Thus the risks of salinity
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4.1 Fruit trees and vinesEditor:Eli
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Figure 1 Production trends for oliv
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Figure 2Occurrence and duration of
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The use of displacement sensors to
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Figure 4 Relationship between relat
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Table 3 Sample calculation of month
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clayey soils. If supply is very lim
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Lead AuthorDavid A. Goldhamer(forme
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Fruit growth during this stage is t
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Season-long stressSeveral studies h
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Table 1Published monthly crop coeff
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Four crop-water-production function
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size distribution toward more favou
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Lead AuthorSAmos Naor(GRI, Universi
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Apples tend to have a biennial bear
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water stress and thus highly respon
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indicate that deficit irrigation ad
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Figure 7Effect of midday light inte
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Figure 10Response of marketable fru
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Failla, O., Zocchi, Z., Treccani, C
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Figure 1 Production trends for plum
Page 362 and 363: soil water. In young orchards, post
Page 364 and 365: Figure 3 Relationships between rela
Page 366: ReferencesAllen, R.G., Pereira, L.S
Page 369 and 370: Figure 1 Production trends for almo
Page 371 and 372: FIGURE 2The three stages of almond
Page 373 and 374: Figure 3Differences in the cultivar
Page 375 and 376: Indicators of tree water statusTo p
Page 377 and 378: nuts are rapidly expanding and late
Page 379 and 380: ReferencesAyars, J.E., Johnson, R.
Page 381 and 382: Table 2 (Continued)Year TreatmentWa
Page 383: Table 3 (continued)Potential900 mmA
Page 386 and 387: Figure 1 Production trends for pear
Page 388 and 389: (Elkins et al., 2007). The appearan
Page 390 and 391: out in Spain under more common grow
Page 392 and 393: Figure 4Relationships between the p
Page 394 and 395: Data in Figure 5 suggest that there
Page 396 and 397: e saved, but this causes a reductio
Page 398: pear 389
Page 401 and 402: Figure 1 Production trends for peac
Page 403 and 404: Figure 2bEvolution of vegetative (s
Page 405 and 406: The postharvest period is important
Page 407 and 408: the midday stem-water potential in
Page 409 and 410: PHOTOPeach leaf appearance under th
Page 411: FIGURE 5Relation between the crop c
Page 415: peach 407
Page 418 and 419: Figure 1 Production trends of walnu
Page 420: 1 100 mm, a team in California appl
Page 423 and 424: Figure 1 Production trends for pist
Page 425 and 426: There are two types of shoot growth
Page 427 and 428: FIGURE 3Time course development of
Page 429 and 430: Stage III was the most stress sensi
Page 431: (see Chapter 4), as in other specie
Page 434 and 435: Table 2 Suggested RDI strategies fo
Page 437 and 438: Lead AuthorSCristos Xiloyannis(Univ
Page 439 and 440: is completed within 20 days; therea
Page 441 and 442: or peach. However, because fruit is
Page 443 and 444: to a midday value varying between -
Page 446 and 447: Lead AuthorRaúl Ferreyraand Gabrie
Page 448 and 449: The most critical developmental per
Page 450 and 451: Figure 4Effects of the level of app
Page 453 and 454: Lead AuthorJordi Marsal(IRTA, Lleid
Page 455 and 456: water stress should not be imposed
Page 457 and 458: Under certain growing conditions, s
Page 459 and 460: ReferencesAntunez A., Stockle, C. &
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Lead AuthorSVictor O. Sadras(SARDI
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Current season inflorescences becom
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the actual timing of each critical
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environments, rainfall pulses and l
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Figure 6Yield reduction with increa
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Table 3Yield and yield components o
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Figure 9Wine quality score as a fun
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Figure 11Wine attributes of Tempran
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(McCarthy and Coombe, 1999), but ev
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Figure 15Relative yield as a functi
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Shiraz, Grenache and Mourvèdre in
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Girona, J., Mata, M., del Campo, J.
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Lead AuthorSCristos Xiloyannis(Univ
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Figure 2Seasonal pattern of the lea
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Figure 5Fraction of the exposed and
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FIGURE 9Soil volume explored by roo
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Water Requirements and IrrigationMa
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5. EpilogueThis publication, Irriga
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operating systems (e.g., Linux, Uni
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Crop yield response to waterAbstrac
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