Crop yield response to water - Cra

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e saved, but this causes a reduction in growers' gross revenues (Table 2). A more sensibleapproach would be to use a combination of deficit irrigation during Stage I and postharvest, incombination with a slight reduction during the first part of Stage II fruit growth (Table 2). Thelatter strategy would reduce the annual water use by 33 percent (from 600 mm to 400 mm)and probably would have less negative impact on fruit growth than an RDI-SII strategy.Table 2Suggested RDI strategies for different available water supply scenarios from 600 to 400 mmwhen potential ET c is 600 mm. Weather data corresponds to Ebro valley Northeast Spain andK c corresponds to those presented in Table 1.PotentialET cWaterreq.RDI-SI (560 mm)RDI-SII(400 mm)Irri. rate (mm)(%)RDI-Postharvest(460 mm)Irri. rate (mm)(%)RDI-Combined(400 mm)Irri. rate (mm)(%)Date (mm) (mm) Irri. rate(%)(mm)March 15-30 9 10 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10Apr. 1-15 13 14 100 14 100 14 100 14 100 14Apr. 16-30 15 10 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10May 1-15 28 17 40 7 100 17 100 17 40 7May 16-31 37 28 40 11 100 28 100 28 40 11June 1-15 56 62 100 62 50 31 100 62 80 49June 16-30 71 79 100 79 50 39 100 79 80 63July 1-15 72 74 100 74 50 37 100 74 80 59July 16-31 77 84 100 84 50 42 100 84 100 84Aug. 1-15 67 73 100 73 50 37 100 73 100 73Aug 16-31 65 71 100 71 100 71 10 7 10 7Sept. 1-15 36 39 100 39 100 39 10 4 10 4Sept. 16-30 27 30 100 30 100 30 10 3 10 3Oct. 1-15 16 1 100 1 100 1 10 0 10 0Oct. 16-31 9 0 100 0 100 0 10 0 10 0Nov. 1-15 5 0 100 0 100 0 10 0 10 0Total 602 591 - 564 - 405 - 464 - 395pear 387
REFERENCESAllen, R.G., Pereira, L.S., Raes, D. & Smith, M. 1998. Crop evapotranspiration: Guidelines for computing crop waterrequirements. Irrigation and & Drainage Paper 56. Rome, FAO.Asin, L., Alegre, S. & Montserrat, R. 2007. Effect of paclobutrazol, prohexadione-Ca, deficit irrigation, summerpruning and root pruning on shoot growth, yield, and return bloom, in a 'Blanquilla' pear orchard. ScientiaHorticulturae, 113:142-148.Bain, J.M. 1961. Some morphological, anatomical, and physiological changes in the pear fruit (Pyrus communis var.Williams Bon Chrétien) during development and following harvest. Australian Journal Botany, 9(2):99-123.Behboudian, M.H., Lawes, G.S. & Griffiths, K.M. 1994. The influence of water deficit on water relations, photosynthesisand fruit growth in Asian pear (Pyrus serotina Rehd). Scientia Horticulturae, 60:89-99.Buwalda, J.G. & Lenz, E. 1995. Water use by European pear trees growing in drainage lysimeters. Journal ofHorticultural Science, 70:531-540.Caspari, H.W., Behboudian, M.H., Chalmers, D.J. & Renquist, A.R. 1993. Pattern of seasonal water use of asian pearsdetermined by lysimeters and the heat pulse technique. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science,118(5):562-569.Caspari, H.W., Behboudian, M.H. & Chalmers, D.J. 1994. Water use, growth and fruit yield of ‘Hossui’ asian pearunder deficit irrigation. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 119:383-388.Caspari, H.W., Behboudian, M.H. & Chalmers, D.J. 1994. Water use, growth and fruit yield of ‘Hossui’ asian pearunder deficit irrigation. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 119:383-388.Chalmers, D.J., Andrews, P.K., Harris, K.M., Cameron, E.A., & Caspari, H.W. 1992. Performance of drainage lysimetersfor the evaluation of water use by Asian pears. Horticultural Science, 27: 263-265.Elkins, R.B., Van den End, B. & Beutel, J. 2007. Vegetative growth and development. In: Mitcham, E.J. & Elkins, R.B.,eds. Pear Production and Handling Manual. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources, Publication3483. 199 pp.FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database, available at link http://faostat.fao.org/. Accessed on December 2011.Forshey, C.G. & Elfving, D.C., 1989. The relationship between vegetative growth and fruiting in apple trees.Horticultural Reviews, 11:229-288.Girona, J., del Campo, J., Mata, M., Lopez, G. & Marsal, J. 2010. A comparative study of apple and pear tree waterconsumption measured with two weighing lysimeters. Irrigation Science. Online publication DOI 10.1007/s00271-010-02175-5.Marsal, J. & Girona, J. 1997. Effects of water stress cycles on turgor maintenance process in pear leaves (Pyruscommunis L.). Tree Physiology, 17:327-333.Marsal, J., Rapoport, H.F., Manrique, T. & Girona, J. 2000. Pear fruit growth under regulated deficit irrigation incontainer-grown trees. Scientia Horticulturae, 85: 243-259.Marsal, J., Mata, M., Arbones, A., Rufat, J. & Girona, J. 2002a. Regulated deficit irrigation and rectification ofirrigation scheduling in young pear trees: an evaluation based on vegetative and productive response. EuropeanJournal of Agronomy, 17: 111-122.Marsal, J., Mata, M., Arbonès, A., Rufat, J. & J. Girona. 2002b. Water stress limits for vegetative and reproductivegrowth of ‘Barlett’ pears. Acta Hortaculturae, 596:659-663.Marsal, J., Arbones, A., Mata, M., del Campo, J., Girona, J. & Lopez, G. 2008. Factors involved in alleviating waterstress by partial crop removal in pear trees. Tree Physiology, 28:1375-1382.Marsal, J., Behboudian, M.H., Mata, M., del Campo, J., Basile, B., Girona, J. & Lopez, G. 2010. Fruit thinning in‘Conference’ pear grown under deficit irrigation to optimize yield and to improve tree water status. Journal ofHorticultural Science & Biotechnology, 85:125-130.Mitchell, P.D., Van Den Ende, B., Jerie, P.H. & Chalmers, D.J. 1989. Responses of 'Barlett' pear irrigation to witholdingirrigation, regulated deficit irrigation and tree spacing. Journal of the American Society for HorticulturalScience,109:604-606.Naor, A., Peres, M., Greenblat, Y., Doron, Y., Gal, Y. & Stern, R.A. 2000. Irrigation and crop load interactions inrelation to pear yield and fruit-size distribution. Horticultural Science & Biotechnology, 75:555-561.Naor A., 2001. Irrigation and crop load influence fruit size and water relations in field-grown ‘Spadona’ pear. Journalof the American Society for Horticultural Science, 126:252-255.Naor, A., Stern, R., Flaishman, M., Gal, Y. & Peres, M. 2006. Effects of postharvest water stress on autumnal bloom andsubsequent-season productivity in midseason ‘Spadona’ pear. Horticultural Science & Biotechnology, 81:365-370.O’Connell, M. & Goodwin, I. 2007. Water stress and reduced fruit size in micro-irrigated pear trees under deficitpartial rootzone drying. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 58:670-679.388crop yield response to water
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Crop yieldresponse to waterFAOIRRIG
Page 16 and 17:
1. IntroductionFood production and
Page 21:
Lead AuthorsMartin Smith(formerly F
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3. Yield response to waterof herbac
Page 40 and 41:
The WP parameter introduced in Aqua
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figure 7 The root zone depicted as
Page 47 and 48:
threshold and 1.0 at the lower thre
Page 50 and 51:
also calculated by multiplying with
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FIGURE 14 Schematic representation
Page 57 and 58:
figure 17ClimateInput data defining
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Table 1 Conservative crop parameter
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figure 18 The Main AquaCrop menu.di
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Applications to Irrigation Manageme
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Box 1 Simulating deficit irrigation
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for each planting date. If there ar
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ox 2 (CONTINUED)FIGURE 1 Difference
Page 83 and 84:
Heng, L.K., Hsiao,T.C., Evett, S.,
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Table 2Additional information and d
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capacity (FC) and permanent wilting
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densities. This range is referred t
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Table 3Comparison of simulated with
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In Equation 3 C a is the mean air C
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REFERENCESAllen, R., Pereira, L., R
Page 107 and 108:
Lead AuthorSenthold Asseng(formerly
Page 109 and 110:
Figure 1 World wheat harvested area
Page 113 and 114:
When nutrition is limiting, yield p
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wheat 101
Page 120 and 121:
Figure 1 World rice harvested area
Page 123:
Response to StressesBecause rice ev
Page 129 and 130:
Lead AuthorTheodore C. Hsiao(Univer
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emergence to flowering is about 65
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ReferencesAyers, R.S. & Westcot, D.
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Figure 1 World soybean harvested ar
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A number of studies indicate that s
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ReferencesBhatia, V.S., Piara Singh
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Figure 1 World barley harvested are
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Barley development may be thought o
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The seasonal water requirements for
Page 159 and 160:
Lead AuthorSuhas P. Wani(ICRISAT, A
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sowing usually starts in late Septe
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loss. If water stress is severe eno
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ReferencesFAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online
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Figure 1 World cotton harvested are
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Response to StressesCotton stands o
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FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database,
Page 181 and 182:
spring. In double cropping, sowing
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size as affected by soil water defi
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sunflower 171
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to produce energy (electricity from
Page 193 and 194:
Response to stressLow temperatureSu
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Sugarcane 181
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Figure 1 World potato harvested are
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initiation, vigorous canopy, profus
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ReferencesBradshaw, J.E. 2009. A ge
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Tomato requires soils with proper w
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and there is frequent wetting of ex
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is so excessive that fruit setting
Page 217 and 218:
Lead AuthorsMichele Rinaldi(CRA, Ba
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North Africa and near East ranges f
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Water use & ProductivitySugar beets
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ReferencesAllen, R.G., Pereira, L.S
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Figure 1 Alfalfa harvested area (SA
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Water use & ProductivityAs a perenn
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SalinityAlfalfa is tolerant to rela
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Lead AuthorAsha Karunaratne(formerl
Page 239 and 240:
Generally, the growing season begin
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FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database,
Page 244 and 245:
*Flower and grain colour presented
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Figure 1 World quinoa harvested are
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with typical values around 10.5 g/m
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ReferencesAlvarez-Jubete, L., Arend
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Growth and developmentThe common me
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soils (EARO, 2002). Tef has some to
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tef 243
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Lead AuthorsElias Fereres(Universit
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equirements per unit land area for
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figure 6 The water balance of an or
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ox 2 Understanding the transpiratio
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Orchard transpirationTree Tr is det
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ox 4 Sample calculation of E dz , E
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ox 5 Computing olive tree transpira
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FIGURE 10 Crop coefficient (K c ) c
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For training systems on a vertical
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ox 7Consumptive and non-consumptive
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are seeking more precision in their
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ox 9 Examples of soil water monitor
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ox 10 (CONTINUED)The major limitati
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ox 12Definition of CWSI and an exam
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The water budget methodWith this me
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ox 15 Evolution of soil water under
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opening and photosynthesis relative
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that occur during the periods of fr
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The crop, where price can vary more
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Modify horticultural practicesPruni
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FIGURE 13Comparison of yield per un
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season. Thus the risks of salinity
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4.1 Fruit trees and vinesEditor:Eli
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Figure 1 Production trends for oliv
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Figure 2Occurrence and duration of
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The use of displacement sensors to
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Figure 4 Relationship between relat
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Table 3 Sample calculation of month
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clayey soils. If supply is very lim
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Lead AuthorDavid A. Goldhamer(forme
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Fruit growth during this stage is t
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Season-long stressSeveral studies h
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Table 1Published monthly crop coeff
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Four crop-water-production function
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size distribution toward more favou
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Lead AuthorSAmos Naor(GRI, Universi
Page 346 and 347: Apples tend to have a biennial bear
Page 348 and 349: water stress and thus highly respon
Page 351 and 352: indicate that deficit irrigation ad
Page 353 and 354: Figure 7Effect of midday light inte
Page 355 and 356: Figure 10Response of marketable fru
Page 357: Failla, O., Zocchi, Z., Treccani, C
Page 360 and 361: Figure 1 Production trends for plum
Page 362 and 363: soil water. In young orchards, post
Page 364 and 365: Figure 3 Relationships between rela
Page 366: ReferencesAllen, R.G., Pereira, L.S
Page 369 and 370: Figure 1 Production trends for almo
Page 371 and 372: FIGURE 2The three stages of almond
Page 373 and 374: Figure 3Differences in the cultivar
Page 375 and 376: Indicators of tree water statusTo p
Page 377 and 378: nuts are rapidly expanding and late
Page 379 and 380: ReferencesAyars, J.E., Johnson, R.
Page 381 and 382: Table 2 (Continued)Year TreatmentWa
Page 383: Table 3 (continued)Potential900 mmA
Page 386 and 387: Figure 1 Production trends for pear
Page 388 and 389: (Elkins et al., 2007). The appearan
Page 390 and 391: out in Spain under more common grow
Page 392 and 393: Figure 4Relationships between the p
Page 394 and 395: Data in Figure 5 suggest that there
Page 398: pear 389
Page 401 and 402: Figure 1 Production trends for peac
Page 403 and 404: Figure 2bEvolution of vegetative (s
Page 405 and 406: The postharvest period is important
Page 407 and 408: the midday stem-water potential in
Page 409 and 410: PHOTOPeach leaf appearance under th
Page 411 and 412: FIGURE 5Relation between the crop c
Page 413 and 414: In applying RDI strategies an impor
Page 415: peach 407
Page 418 and 419: Figure 1 Production trends of walnu
Page 420: 1 100 mm, a team in California appl
Page 423 and 424: Figure 1 Production trends for pist
Page 425 and 426: There are two types of shoot growth
Page 427 and 428: FIGURE 3Time course development of
Page 429 and 430: Stage III was the most stress sensi
Page 431: (see Chapter 4), as in other specie
Page 434 and 435: Table 2 Suggested RDI strategies fo
Page 437 and 438: Lead AuthorSCristos Xiloyannis(Univ
Page 439 and 440: is completed within 20 days; therea
Page 441 and 442: or peach. However, because fruit is
Page 443 and 444: to a midday value varying between -
Page 446 and 447:
Lead AuthorRaúl Ferreyraand Gabrie
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The most critical developmental per
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Figure 4Effects of the level of app
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Lead AuthorJordi Marsal(IRTA, Lleid
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water stress should not be imposed
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Under certain growing conditions, s
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ReferencesAntunez A., Stockle, C. &
Page 463 and 464:
Lead AuthorSVictor O. Sadras(SARDI
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Current season inflorescences becom
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the actual timing of each critical
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environments, rainfall pulses and l
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Figure 6Yield reduction with increa
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Table 3Yield and yield components o
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Figure 9Wine quality score as a fun
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Figure 11Wine attributes of Tempran
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(McCarthy and Coombe, 1999), but ev
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Figure 15Relative yield as a functi
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Shiraz, Grenache and Mourvèdre in
Page 487 and 488:
Girona, J., Mata, M., del Campo, J.
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Lead AuthorSCristos Xiloyannis(Univ
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Figure 2Seasonal pattern of the lea
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Figure 5Fraction of the exposed and
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FIGURE 9Soil volume explored by roo
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Water Requirements and IrrigationMa
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5. EpilogueThis publication, Irriga
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operating systems (e.g., Linux, Uni
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Crop yield response to waterAbstrac
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