Crop yield response to water - Cra

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Table 2 Irrigation management, yield, and nut quality data for a single year droughtirrigation study conducted in western Fresno County, California.Year TreatmentWaterappliedthroughWaterallotmentapplied **(mm)Totalkernelyield(lbs/acre)Individualkernel weight(grams)Treenut load(No./tree)Full hullsplitHull splittingPartialhull split(- - - - - % of tree nut load - - - - -)HulltightDroughtFull irrigationcontrolFull season 1 024 1 653 a*** 1.24 a 7 100 a 98.9 a 0.4 a 0.7 aYear 100%DY ET c * June 19 409 1 362 b 0.97 b 8 160 a 38.2 b 48.1 b 13.7 b75%DY ET c July 11 411 1 236 b 1.10 bc 6 340 a 85.3 a 11.4 a 3.3 a50%DY ET c August 28 414 1 448 ab 1.03 bc 7 000 a 99.0 a 0.6 a 0.4 aRecoveryFull irrigationcontrolFull season 843 2 730 a 1.04 a 1 2850 a 99.7 a 0.0 a 0.3 aYear 1 100%DY ET c * Full season 836 911 b 1.03 a 4 770 b 99.7 a 0.1 a 0.2 a75%DY ET c Full season 836 1 493 c 0.99 ab 8250 c 99.9 a 0.0 a 0.1 a50%DY ET c Full season 846 2 010 d 0.89 b 1 1690 a d 99.6 a 0.0 a 0.4 aRecoveryFull irrigationcontrolFull season 838 2 358 a 0.97 a 9 890 a 98.3 a 1.3 a 0.4 a370crop yield response to water
Table 2 (Continued)Year TreatmentWaterappliedthroughWaterallotmentapplied **(mm)Totalkernelyield(lbs/acre)Individualkernel weight(grams)Treenut load(No./tree)Full hullsplitHull splittingPartialhull split(- - - - - % of tree nut load - - - - -)HulltightYear 2 100%DY ET c * Full season 838 2 327 a 1.02 a 9 200 a 98.8 a 0.7 a 0.5 ab75%DY ET c Full season 838 1 975 b 1.02 a 7 900 b 97.9 a 1.2 a 0.9 b50%DY ET c Full season 838 1 949 b 1.13 b 7 050 b 98.5 a 1.0 a 0.5 abYear 3Full irrigationcontrol902 2 247 a 1.08 a 9 948 a 99.0 a 0.5 a 0.5 aMean 100%DY ET c * 693 1 534 b 1.01 a 7 378 b 78.9 b 16.3 b 4.8 b75%DY ET c 696 1 568 b 1.04 a 7 498 b 94.4 a 4.2 a 1.5 a50%DY ET c 699 1 802 c 1.02 a 8 581 b 99.0 a 0.5 a 0.5 a* Irrigation rate until allotment applied; no additional irrigation for the remainder of the season.** Does not include 100 mm pre-season irrigation applied each year.*** Numbers for each year followed by a different letter are significantly differentat the 5% confidence level using Duncan's New Multiple Range Test.ALMOND 371
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Crop yieldresponse to waterFAOIRRIG
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1. IntroductionFood production and
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Lead AuthorsMartin Smith(formerly F
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3. Yield response to waterof herbac
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The WP parameter introduced in Aqua
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figure 7 The root zone depicted as
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threshold and 1.0 at the lower thre
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also calculated by multiplying with
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FIGURE 14 Schematic representation
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figure 17ClimateInput data defining
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Table 1 Conservative crop parameter
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figure 18 The Main AquaCrop menu.di
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Applications to Irrigation Manageme
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Box 1 Simulating deficit irrigation
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for each planting date. If there ar
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ox 2 (CONTINUED)FIGURE 1 Difference
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Heng, L.K., Hsiao,T.C., Evett, S.,
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Table 2Additional information and d
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capacity (FC) and permanent wilting
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densities. This range is referred t
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Table 3Comparison of simulated with
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In Equation 3 C a is the mean air C
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REFERENCESAllen, R., Pereira, L., R
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Lead AuthorSenthold Asseng(formerly
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Figure 1 World wheat harvested area
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When nutrition is limiting, yield p
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wheat 101
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Figure 1 World rice harvested area
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Response to StressesBecause rice ev
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Lead AuthorTheodore C. Hsiao(Univer
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emergence to flowering is about 65
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ReferencesAyers, R.S. & Westcot, D.
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Figure 1 World soybean harvested ar
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A number of studies indicate that s
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ReferencesBhatia, V.S., Piara Singh
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Figure 1 World barley harvested are
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Barley development may be thought o
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The seasonal water requirements for
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Lead AuthorSuhas P. Wani(ICRISAT, A
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sowing usually starts in late Septe
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loss. If water stress is severe eno
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ReferencesFAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online
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Figure 1 World cotton harvested are
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Response to StressesCotton stands o
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FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database,
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spring. In double cropping, sowing
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size as affected by soil water defi
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sunflower 171
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to produce energy (electricity from
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Response to stressLow temperatureSu
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Sugarcane 181
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Figure 1 World potato harvested are
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initiation, vigorous canopy, profus
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ReferencesBradshaw, J.E. 2009. A ge
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Tomato requires soils with proper w
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and there is frequent wetting of ex
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is so excessive that fruit setting
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Lead AuthorsMichele Rinaldi(CRA, Ba
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North Africa and near East ranges f
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Water use & ProductivitySugar beets
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ReferencesAllen, R.G., Pereira, L.S
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Figure 1 Alfalfa harvested area (SA
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Water use & ProductivityAs a perenn
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SalinityAlfalfa is tolerant to rela
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Lead AuthorAsha Karunaratne(formerl
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Generally, the growing season begin
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FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database,
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*Flower and grain colour presented
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Figure 1 World quinoa harvested are
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with typical values around 10.5 g/m
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ReferencesAlvarez-Jubete, L., Arend
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Growth and developmentThe common me
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soils (EARO, 2002). Tef has some to
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tef 243
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Lead AuthorsElias Fereres(Universit
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equirements per unit land area for
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figure 6 The water balance of an or
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ox 2 Understanding the transpiratio
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Orchard transpirationTree Tr is det
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ox 4 Sample calculation of E dz , E
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ox 5 Computing olive tree transpira
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FIGURE 10 Crop coefficient (K c ) c
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For training systems on a vertical
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ox 7Consumptive and non-consumptive
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are seeking more precision in their
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ox 9 Examples of soil water monitor
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ox 10 (CONTINUED)The major limitati
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ox 12Definition of CWSI and an exam
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The water budget methodWith this me
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ox 15 Evolution of soil water under
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opening and photosynthesis relative
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that occur during the periods of fr
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The crop, where price can vary more
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Modify horticultural practicesPruni
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FIGURE 13Comparison of yield per un
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season. Thus the risks of salinity
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4.1 Fruit trees and vinesEditor:Eli
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Figure 1 Production trends for oliv
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Figure 2Occurrence and duration of
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The use of displacement sensors to
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Figure 4 Relationship between relat
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Table 3 Sample calculation of month
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clayey soils. If supply is very lim
Page 329: Lead AuthorDavid A. Goldhamer(forme
Page 332 and 333: Fruit growth during this stage is t
Page 334 and 335: Season-long stressSeveral studies h
Page 336 and 337: Table 1Published monthly crop coeff
Page 339 and 340: Four crop-water-production function
Page 341 and 342: size distribution toward more favou
Page 344 and 345: Lead AuthorSAmos Naor(GRI, Universi
Page 346 and 347: Apples tend to have a biennial bear
Page 348 and 349: water stress and thus highly respon
Page 351 and 352: indicate that deficit irrigation ad
Page 353 and 354: Figure 7Effect of midday light inte
Page 355 and 356: Figure 10Response of marketable fru
Page 357: Failla, O., Zocchi, Z., Treccani, C
Page 360 and 361: Figure 1 Production trends for plum
Page 362 and 363: soil water. In young orchards, post
Page 364 and 365: Figure 3 Relationships between rela
Page 366: ReferencesAllen, R.G., Pereira, L.S
Page 369 and 370: Figure 1 Production trends for almo
Page 371 and 372: FIGURE 2The three stages of almond
Page 373 and 374: Figure 3Differences in the cultivar
Page 375 and 376: Indicators of tree water statusTo p
Page 377 and 378: nuts are rapidly expanding and late
Page 379: ReferencesAyars, J.E., Johnson, R.
Page 383: Table 3 (continued)Potential900 mmA
Page 386 and 387: Figure 1 Production trends for pear
Page 388 and 389: (Elkins et al., 2007). The appearan
Page 390 and 391: out in Spain under more common grow
Page 392 and 393: Figure 4Relationships between the p
Page 394 and 395: Data in Figure 5 suggest that there
Page 396 and 397: e saved, but this causes a reductio
Page 398: pear 389
Page 401 and 402: Figure 1 Production trends for peac
Page 403 and 404: Figure 2bEvolution of vegetative (s
Page 405 and 406: The postharvest period is important
Page 407 and 408: the midday stem-water potential in
Page 409 and 410: PHOTOPeach leaf appearance under th
Page 411 and 412: FIGURE 5Relation between the crop c
Page 413 and 414: In applying RDI strategies an impor
Page 415: peach 407
Page 418 and 419: Figure 1 Production trends of walnu
Page 420: 1 100 mm, a team in California appl
Page 423 and 424: Figure 1 Production trends for pist
Page 425 and 426: There are two types of shoot growth
Page 427 and 428: FIGURE 3Time course development of
Page 429 and 430: Stage III was the most stress sensi
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(see Chapter 4), as in other specie
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Table 2 Suggested RDI strategies fo
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Lead AuthorSCristos Xiloyannis(Univ
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is completed within 20 days; therea
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or peach. However, because fruit is
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to a midday value varying between -
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Lead AuthorRaúl Ferreyraand Gabrie
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The most critical developmental per
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Figure 4Effects of the level of app
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Lead AuthorJordi Marsal(IRTA, Lleid
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water stress should not be imposed
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Under certain growing conditions, s
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ReferencesAntunez A., Stockle, C. &
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Lead AuthorSVictor O. Sadras(SARDI
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Current season inflorescences becom
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the actual timing of each critical
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environments, rainfall pulses and l
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Figure 6Yield reduction with increa
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Table 3Yield and yield components o
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Figure 9Wine quality score as a fun
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Figure 11Wine attributes of Tempran
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(McCarthy and Coombe, 1999), but ev
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Figure 15Relative yield as a functi
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Shiraz, Grenache and Mourvèdre in
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Girona, J., Mata, M., del Campo, J.
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Lead AuthorSCristos Xiloyannis(Univ
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Figure 2Seasonal pattern of the lea
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Figure 5Fraction of the exposed and
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FIGURE 9Soil volume explored by roo
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Water Requirements and IrrigationMa
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5. EpilogueThis publication, Irriga
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operating systems (e.g., Linux, Uni
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Crop yield response to waterAbstrac
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