Crop yield response to water - Cra

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FIGURE 6Relationships between applied water and a) kernel dry weight, b) fruit load, c) kernelyield, d) irrigation water productivity, and e) fruit density. Vertical lines are plus and minusone standard error. Data are mean values from four experimental years with Non Pareil.Adapted from Goldhamer et al. (2006).aKernel dry weight (g/kernel)400 500 600 700 800 900 1 000 1 1001.351.31.251.21.151.11.051dIrrigation water productivity kg/m 3400 500 600 700 800 900 1 000 1 1000.340.320.300.280.260.240.220.20b 11 0004002e10 50035010 0009 5003009 0008 5002508 0002007 5007 000150Applied water (mm)c2 2002 1002 000Season-long stress1 900Postharvest stress bias1 800Preharvest stress bias1 700Control1 600Nut load (No./tree)Dry kernel yield (kg/ha)1 5001 400Applied water (mm))Fruiting density (nuts/mAdditional considerationsWater stress in almonds has been known to increase spider mite levels (Youngman and Barnes,1986) and the navel orangeworm (Goldhamer, unpublished data). The latter becomes moreof a problem when the onset of hull split is accelerated by preharvest stress and/or the nutsremain longer on the tree before shaking. Hull rot can be dramatically reduced by imposingwater deficits during the first two weeks of July (Teviotdale et al., 2001). Their target predawnleaf water potential value was -1.6 MPa.368crop yield response to water
ReferencesAyars, J.E., Johnson, R. S., Phene, C.J., Clark, D.A. & Mead, R.M. 2003. Water use by drip irrigated late seasonpeaches. Irrigation Science 22: 187-194.Castel, J.R. & Fereres, E. 1982. Responses of young almond trees to two drought periods in the field. Journal ofHorticultural Science, 57:175-187.Esparza, G., DeJong, T.M., Weinbaum, S.A. & Klein, I. 2001. Effects of irrigation deprivation during the harvestperiod on yield determinants in almond trees. Tree Physiology, 21: 1073-1079.FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database, available at link http://faostat.fao.org/. Accessed on December 2011.Fereres, E., Aldrich, T.M., Schulbach, H. & Martinich, D. A. 1981. Responses of almond trees to late season drought.California Agriculture, 42: 10-13.Girona, J., Mata, M. & Marsal, J. 2005. Regulated deficit irrigation during the kernel-filling period and optimalirrigation rates in almond. Agricultural Water Management, 75(2):152-167.Goldhamer, D.A. & Smith, T. 1995. Single season drought irrigation strategies influence almond production.California Agriculture, 49(1):19-22.Goldhamer, D.A. & Viveros, M. 2000. Effects of preharvest irrigation cutoff durations and postharvest waterdeprivation on almond tree performance. Irrigation Science, 19:125-131.Goldhamer, D.A., Viveros, M. & Salinas, M. 2006. Regulated deficit irrigation in almonds: effects of variations inapplied water and stress timing on yield and yield components. Irrigation Science, 24(2):101-114.Lamp, T.M., Connell, J.H., Duncan, R.A., Viveros, M. & Polito, V.S. 2001. Almond flower development: Floral initiationand organogenesis. Journal of the American Society of Horticultural Science, 126(6): 698-696.Romero, P., Navarro, J.M., Garcia, F. & Ordaz, P.B. 2004. Effects of regulated deficit irrigation during pre-harvestperiod on gas exchange, leaf development and crop yield of mature almond trees. Tree Physiology, 24:303-312.Stevens, Rob M., Caecilia M. Ewenz, Gary Grigson, Samantha M. Conner. 2011. Water use by an irrigated almondorchard. Irrigation Science. DOI 10.1007/s00271-011-0270-8.Stewart, W., Fulton, A, Krueger, W.H., Lampinen, B. D. & Shackel, K. A. 2011. Regulated deficit irrigation reduceswater use of almonds without affecting yield. California Agriculture, 65(2)90-95.Teviotdale, B.L., Goldhamer, D.A. & Viveros, M. 2001. The effects of deficit irrigation on hull rot disease of almondtrees caused by Monilinia fructicola and Rhizopus stolonifer. Plant Disease, 85(4):399-403.Tufts, W.P. & E.B., Morrow. 1925. Fruit-bud differentiation in deciduous fruit. Hilgardia. California Agriculture ExpSta, 1(1). 26 pp.Youngman, R.R. & Barnes, M.M. 1986. Interaction of spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) and water stress on gasexchangerates and water potential of almond leaves. Environmental Entomology, 15: 594-600.ALMOND 369
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Crop yieldresponse to waterFAOIRRIG
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1. IntroductionFood production and
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Lead AuthorsMartin Smith(formerly F
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3. Yield response to waterof herbac
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The WP parameter introduced in Aqua
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figure 7 The root zone depicted as
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threshold and 1.0 at the lower thre
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also calculated by multiplying with
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FIGURE 14 Schematic representation
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figure 17ClimateInput data defining
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Table 1 Conservative crop parameter
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figure 18 The Main AquaCrop menu.di
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Applications to Irrigation Manageme
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Box 1 Simulating deficit irrigation
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for each planting date. If there ar
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ox 2 (CONTINUED)FIGURE 1 Difference
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Heng, L.K., Hsiao,T.C., Evett, S.,
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Table 2Additional information and d
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capacity (FC) and permanent wilting
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densities. This range is referred t
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Table 3Comparison of simulated with
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In Equation 3 C a is the mean air C
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REFERENCESAllen, R., Pereira, L., R
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Lead AuthorSenthold Asseng(formerly
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Figure 1 World wheat harvested area
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When nutrition is limiting, yield p
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wheat 101
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Figure 1 World rice harvested area
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Response to StressesBecause rice ev
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Lead AuthorTheodore C. Hsiao(Univer
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emergence to flowering is about 65
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ReferencesAyers, R.S. & Westcot, D.
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Figure 1 World soybean harvested ar
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A number of studies indicate that s
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ReferencesBhatia, V.S., Piara Singh
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Figure 1 World barley harvested are
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Barley development may be thought o
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The seasonal water requirements for
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Lead AuthorSuhas P. Wani(ICRISAT, A
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sowing usually starts in late Septe
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loss. If water stress is severe eno
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ReferencesFAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online
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Figure 1 World cotton harvested are
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Response to StressesCotton stands o
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FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database,
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spring. In double cropping, sowing
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size as affected by soil water defi
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sunflower 171
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to produce energy (electricity from
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Response to stressLow temperatureSu
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Sugarcane 181
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Figure 1 World potato harvested are
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initiation, vigorous canopy, profus
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ReferencesBradshaw, J.E. 2009. A ge
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Tomato requires soils with proper w
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and there is frequent wetting of ex
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is so excessive that fruit setting
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Lead AuthorsMichele Rinaldi(CRA, Ba
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North Africa and near East ranges f
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Water use & ProductivitySugar beets
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ReferencesAllen, R.G., Pereira, L.S
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Figure 1 Alfalfa harvested area (SA
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Water use & ProductivityAs a perenn
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SalinityAlfalfa is tolerant to rela
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Lead AuthorAsha Karunaratne(formerl
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Generally, the growing season begin
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FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database,
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*Flower and grain colour presented
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Figure 1 World quinoa harvested are
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with typical values around 10.5 g/m
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ReferencesAlvarez-Jubete, L., Arend
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Growth and developmentThe common me
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soils (EARO, 2002). Tef has some to
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tef 243
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Lead AuthorsElias Fereres(Universit
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equirements per unit land area for
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figure 6 The water balance of an or
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ox 2 Understanding the transpiratio
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Orchard transpirationTree Tr is det
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ox 4 Sample calculation of E dz , E
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ox 5 Computing olive tree transpira
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FIGURE 10 Crop coefficient (K c ) c
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For training systems on a vertical
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ox 7Consumptive and non-consumptive
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are seeking more precision in their
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ox 9 Examples of soil water monitor
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ox 10 (CONTINUED)The major limitati
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ox 12Definition of CWSI and an exam
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The water budget methodWith this me
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ox 15 Evolution of soil water under
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opening and photosynthesis relative
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that occur during the periods of fr
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The crop, where price can vary more
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Modify horticultural practicesPruni
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FIGURE 13Comparison of yield per un
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season. Thus the risks of salinity
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4.1 Fruit trees and vinesEditor:Eli
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Figure 1 Production trends for oliv
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Figure 2Occurrence and duration of
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The use of displacement sensors to
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Figure 4 Relationship between relat
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Table 3 Sample calculation of month
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clayey soils. If supply is very lim
Page 329: Lead AuthorDavid A. Goldhamer(forme
Page 332 and 333: Fruit growth during this stage is t
Page 334 and 335: Season-long stressSeveral studies h
Page 336 and 337: Table 1Published monthly crop coeff
Page 339 and 340: Four crop-water-production function
Page 341 and 342: size distribution toward more favou
Page 344 and 345: Lead AuthorSAmos Naor(GRI, Universi
Page 346 and 347: Apples tend to have a biennial bear
Page 348 and 349: water stress and thus highly respon
Page 351 and 352: indicate that deficit irrigation ad
Page 353 and 354: Figure 7Effect of midday light inte
Page 355 and 356: Figure 10Response of marketable fru
Page 357: Failla, O., Zocchi, Z., Treccani, C
Page 360 and 361: Figure 1 Production trends for plum
Page 362 and 363: soil water. In young orchards, post
Page 364 and 365: Figure 3 Relationships between rela
Page 366: ReferencesAllen, R.G., Pereira, L.S
Page 369 and 370: Figure 1 Production trends for almo
Page 371 and 372: FIGURE 2The three stages of almond
Page 373 and 374: Figure 3Differences in the cultivar
Page 375 and 376: Indicators of tree water statusTo p
Page 377: nuts are rapidly expanding and late
Page 381 and 382: Table 2 (Continued)Year TreatmentWa
Page 383: Table 3 (continued)Potential900 mmA
Page 386 and 387: Figure 1 Production trends for pear
Page 388 and 389: (Elkins et al., 2007). The appearan
Page 390 and 391: out in Spain under more common grow
Page 392 and 393: Figure 4Relationships between the p
Page 394 and 395: Data in Figure 5 suggest that there
Page 396 and 397: e saved, but this causes a reductio
Page 398: pear 389
Page 401 and 402: Figure 1 Production trends for peac
Page 403 and 404: Figure 2bEvolution of vegetative (s
Page 405 and 406: The postharvest period is important
Page 407 and 408: the midday stem-water potential in
Page 409 and 410: PHOTOPeach leaf appearance under th
Page 411 and 412: FIGURE 5Relation between the crop c
Page 413 and 414: In applying RDI strategies an impor
Page 415: peach 407
Page 418 and 419: Figure 1 Production trends of walnu
Page 420: 1 100 mm, a team in California appl
Page 423 and 424: Figure 1 Production trends for pist
Page 425 and 426: There are two types of shoot growth
Page 427 and 428: FIGURE 3Time course development of
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Stage III was the most stress sensi
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(see Chapter 4), as in other specie
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Table 2 Suggested RDI strategies fo
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Lead AuthorSCristos Xiloyannis(Univ
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is completed within 20 days; therea
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or peach. However, because fruit is
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to a midday value varying between -
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Lead AuthorRaúl Ferreyraand Gabrie
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The most critical developmental per
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Figure 4Effects of the level of app
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Lead AuthorJordi Marsal(IRTA, Lleid
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water stress should not be imposed
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Under certain growing conditions, s
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ReferencesAntunez A., Stockle, C. &
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Lead AuthorSVictor O. Sadras(SARDI
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Current season inflorescences becom
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the actual timing of each critical
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environments, rainfall pulses and l
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Figure 6Yield reduction with increa
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Table 3Yield and yield components o
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Figure 9Wine quality score as a fun
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Figure 11Wine attributes of Tempran
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(McCarthy and Coombe, 1999), but ev
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Figure 15Relative yield as a functi
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Shiraz, Grenache and Mourvèdre in
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Girona, J., Mata, M., del Campo, J.
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Lead AuthorSCristos Xiloyannis(Univ
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Figure 2Seasonal pattern of the lea
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Figure 5Fraction of the exposed and
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FIGURE 9Soil volume explored by roo
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Water Requirements and IrrigationMa
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5. EpilogueThis publication, Irriga
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operating systems (e.g., Linux, Uni
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Crop yield response to waterAbstrac
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