Crop yield response to water - Cra

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Table 2 Apple orchard water requirements, based on an orchard planted at 4 x 1.6 m, trained with a centralleader and with a ground cover about 45-50 percent and tree heights > 3.5 m. Located in Mollerussa(Lleida, Spain). ET o values used are the average daily data from the last 8 years (2002-2009).FULL IRRIGATION MODERATE RDI SEVERE RDIET o K c ET c K c ET c K c ET c(mm/day) (mm/day) (mm/day) (mm/day)March 1-15 2.19 0.30 0.66 0.30 0.66 0.30 0.66March 16-31 2.61 0.30 0.78 0.30 0.78 0.30 0.78April 1-15 2.70 0.40 1.08 0.40 1.08 0.30 0.81April 16-30 3.75 0.45 1.69 0.45 1.69 0.30 1.13May 1-15 3.95 0.60 2.37 0.60 2.37 0.40 1.58May 16-31 4.64 0.75 3.48 0.75 3.48 0.40 1.86June 1-15 5.08 0.82 4.17 0.82 4.17 0.50 2.54June 16-30 5.45 0.87 4.74 0.87 4.74 0.50 2.73July 1-15 5.40 0.92 4.97 0.90 4.86 0.50 2.70July 16-31 5.47 0.93 5.09 0.70 2.74 0.45 2.46August 1-15 4.90 0.93 4.56 0.50 2.45 0.45 2.21August 16-31 4.45 0.94 4.18 0.50 2.22 0.45 2.00September 1-15 3.57 0.95 3.39 0.50 1.78 0.45 1.61September 16-30 3.01 0.75 2.26 0.50 1.51 0.45 1.35October 1-15 2.44 0.60 1.46 0.50 1.22 0.45 1.10October 16-31 1.60 0.55 0.88 0.55 0.88 0.55 0.88ReferencesBehboudian, M.H., Lawes, G.S. & Griffiths, K.M. 1994. Influence of water deficit on water relations, photosynthesisand fruit growth in Asian pear (Pyrus serotina Rehd.). Scientia Horticulturae. 60:89-99.Behboudian, M.H. & Mills, T.M. 1997. Deficit irrigation in deciduous orchards. Horticultural Reviews 21:105-130.Behboudian, M.H., Dixson, J. & Pothamshetty, K. 1998. Plant and fruit responses of lysimeter-grown ‘Braeburn’ appleto deficit irrigation. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 73:781-785.Behboudian, M.H., Marsal, J., Girona, J. & Lopez, G. 2011. Quality and yield responses of deciduous fruit to reducedirrigation. Horticultural Reviews 38:149-189.Bergh, O. 1985. Effect of the previous crop on cortical cell number of Malus domestica cv. Starking Delicious appleflower primordial, flowers and fruit. South African Journal of Plant Soil. 2:191-196.Ebel, R.C. 1991. Apple tree and fruit response to drought. Pullman, Washington State University (Ph.D. Thesis)Ebel, R.C., Proebsting, E.L. & Patterson, M.E. 1993. Regulated deficit irrigation may alter apple maturity, quality, andstorage life. Horticultural Science 28:141-143.344crop yield response to water
Failla, O., Zocchi, Z., Treccani, C. & Socucci, S. 1992. Growth, development and mineral content of apple fruit in differentwater status conditions. Journal of Horticultural Science 67:265-271.FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database, available at link http://faostat.fao.org/. Accessed on December 2011.Forshey, C.G. & Elfving, D.C. 1989. The relationship between vegetative growth and fruiting in apple trees. HorticulturalReviews 11:229-288.Girona, J., Mata, M., Del Campo, J. & Marsal, J. 2008. Manejo del riego del manzano en condiciones de sequía extrema.Dossier Tècnic DAR (Geeneralitat de Catalunya) 30:5-8.Girona, J., Del Campo, J., Bonastre, N., Paris, C., Mata, M., Arbones, A. & Marsal, J. 2010a. Evaluation of DifferentIrrigation Strategies on Apple (Malus domestica). Physiological and Productive Results. Acta Horticulturae (in press).Girona, J., Behboudian, M.H., Mata, M., Del Campo, J., & Marsal, J. 2010. Exploring six reduced irrigation optionsunder water shortage for ‘Golden Smoothee’ apple: Responses of yield components over three years. AgriculturalWater Management 98:370–375.Goffinet, M.C., Robinson, T.L. & Lakso, A.N. 1995. A comparison of Empire apple fruit size and anatomy in unthinnedand hand-thinned trees. Journal of Horticultural Science 70:375-387.Goldway, M., Sapir, G. & Stern, R.A. 2007. Molecular basis and horticultural application of the gametophytic selfincompatibilitysystem in rosaceae tree fruit. In: J. Janick (Ed.). Plant Breeding Reviews, 28: 215-237.Kilili, A.W., Behboudian, M.H. & Mills, T.M. 1996. Postharvest performance of ‘Braeburn’ apples in relations towithholding of irrigation at different stages of the growing season. Journal of Horticultural Science 71:693-701.Lauri, P.E., Terouanne, E. & Lespinasse, J.M. 1996. Quantitative analysis of relationships between inflorescence size,bearing-axis size and fruit set – an apple tree case study. Annals of Botany 77:277-286.Mills, T.M., Behboudian, M.H., Tan, P.Y. & Clothier, B.E. 1994. Plant water status and fruit quality in ‘Braeburn’ apples.Horticultural Science 29:1274-1278.Mpelasoka, B.S., Behboudian, M.H. & Green, S.R. 2001. Water use, yield and fruit quality of lysimeter-grown appletrees: responses to deficit irrigation and crop load. Irrigation Science 20:107-113.Mpelasoka, B.S. & Behboudian, M.H. 2002. Production of aroma volatiles in response to deficit irrigation and crop loadin relation to fruit maturity for ‘Braeburn’ apple. Postharvest Biological Technology 24:1-11.Naor, A., Klein, I. & Doron, I. 1995. Stem-water potential and apple fruit size. Journal of the American Society ofHorticultural Science 120:577-582.Naor, A., Klein, I., Doron, I., Gal, Y., Ben-David, Z. & Bravdo B. 1997. Irrigation and fruit level interactions in relations toyield and fruit size distribution. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 122: 411-414.Naor, A. 2006. Irrigation scheduling and evaluation of tree water status in deciduous orchards. Horticultural Reviews32:111-166.Naor, A., Naschitz, S., Peres, M., Gal, Y. 2008. Response of apple fruit size to tree water status and crop load. TreePhysiology 28:1255-1261.Naschitz, S., Naor, A., Genish, S., Wolf, S. & Goldschmidt, E. 2010. Internal management of non-structural carbohydrateresources in apple leaves and stems under a broad range of sink and source capacity manipulations. Tree Physiology30:715-27.Powell, D.B.B. 1974. Some effects of water stress in late spring on apple trees. Journal of Horticultural Science 49:257-272.Quinlan, J.D. & Preston, A.P. 1968. Effect of thinning blossom and fruitlets on growth and cropping of Sunset apple.Journal of Horticultural Science 43:373-381.Rapoport H.F., Costagli, F. & Gucci, R. 2004. The effect of water deficit during early fruit development on olive fruitmorphogenesis. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 129:121-127.Rufat, J., Mata, M., Arbonés, A., Del Campo, J., Gelly, M., Marsal, J., & Girona, J. 2003. Fruit development, yield andquality in response to irrigation and nitrogen application on Golden Delicious apples. Fifth International Conferenceon integrated fruit production IOBC/WPES Bulletin 24(5):359-365.Tromp, J. 1997. Maturity of apple cv. Elstar as affected by temperature during a six-week period following bloom.Journal of Horticultural Science 72:811-819.Warrington, I.J., Fulton, T.A., Halligan, E.A. & de Silva, H.N. 1999. Apple fruit growth and maturity are affected byearly season temperatures. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 124:468-477.Westwood, M.N. 1993. Temperate-zone pomology. Portland, Oregon, USA, Timber Press, Inc.APPLE 345
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Crop yieldresponse to waterFAOIRRIG
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1. IntroductionFood production and
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Lead AuthorsMartin Smith(formerly F
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3. Yield response to waterof herbac
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The WP parameter introduced in Aqua
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figure 7 The root zone depicted as
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threshold and 1.0 at the lower thre
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also calculated by multiplying with
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FIGURE 14 Schematic representation
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figure 17ClimateInput data defining
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Table 1 Conservative crop parameter
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figure 18 The Main AquaCrop menu.di
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Applications to Irrigation Manageme
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Box 1 Simulating deficit irrigation
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for each planting date. If there ar
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ox 2 (CONTINUED)FIGURE 1 Difference
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Heng, L.K., Hsiao,T.C., Evett, S.,
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Table 2Additional information and d
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capacity (FC) and permanent wilting
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densities. This range is referred t
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Table 3Comparison of simulated with
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In Equation 3 C a is the mean air C
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REFERENCESAllen, R., Pereira, L., R
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Lead AuthorSenthold Asseng(formerly
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Figure 1 World wheat harvested area
Page 113 and 114:
When nutrition is limiting, yield p
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wheat 101
Page 120 and 121:
Figure 1 World rice harvested area
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Response to StressesBecause rice ev
Page 129 and 130:
Lead AuthorTheodore C. Hsiao(Univer
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emergence to flowering is about 65
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ReferencesAyers, R.S. & Westcot, D.
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Figure 1 World soybean harvested ar
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A number of studies indicate that s
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ReferencesBhatia, V.S., Piara Singh
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Figure 1 World barley harvested are
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Barley development may be thought o
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The seasonal water requirements for
Page 159 and 160:
Lead AuthorSuhas P. Wani(ICRISAT, A
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sowing usually starts in late Septe
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loss. If water stress is severe eno
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ReferencesFAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online
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Figure 1 World cotton harvested are
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Response to StressesCotton stands o
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FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database,
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spring. In double cropping, sowing
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size as affected by soil water defi
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sunflower 171
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to produce energy (electricity from
Page 193 and 194:
Response to stressLow temperatureSu
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Sugarcane 181
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Figure 1 World potato harvested are
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initiation, vigorous canopy, profus
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ReferencesBradshaw, J.E. 2009. A ge
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Tomato requires soils with proper w
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and there is frequent wetting of ex
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is so excessive that fruit setting
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Lead AuthorsMichele Rinaldi(CRA, Ba
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North Africa and near East ranges f
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Water use & ProductivitySugar beets
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ReferencesAllen, R.G., Pereira, L.S
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Figure 1 Alfalfa harvested area (SA
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Water use & ProductivityAs a perenn
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SalinityAlfalfa is tolerant to rela
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Lead AuthorAsha Karunaratne(formerl
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Generally, the growing season begin
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FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database,
Page 244 and 245:
*Flower and grain colour presented
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Figure 1 World quinoa harvested are
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with typical values around 10.5 g/m
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ReferencesAlvarez-Jubete, L., Arend
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Growth and developmentThe common me
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soils (EARO, 2002). Tef has some to
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tef 243
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Lead AuthorsElias Fereres(Universit
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equirements per unit land area for
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figure 6 The water balance of an or
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ox 2 Understanding the transpiratio
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Orchard transpirationTree Tr is det
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ox 4 Sample calculation of E dz , E
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ox 5 Computing olive tree transpira
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FIGURE 10 Crop coefficient (K c ) c
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For training systems on a vertical
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ox 7Consumptive and non-consumptive
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are seeking more precision in their
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ox 9 Examples of soil water monitor
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ox 10 (CONTINUED)The major limitati
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ox 12Definition of CWSI and an exam
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The water budget methodWith this me
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ox 15 Evolution of soil water under
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opening and photosynthesis relative
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that occur during the periods of fr
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The crop, where price can vary more
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Modify horticultural practicesPruni
Page 307 and 308: FIGURE 13Comparison of yield per un
Page 309 and 310: season. Thus the risks of salinity
Page 312: 4.1 Fruit trees and vinesEditor:Eli
Page 315 and 316: Figure 1 Production trends for oliv
Page 317 and 318: Figure 2Occurrence and duration of
Page 320 and 321: The use of displacement sensors to
Page 322 and 323: Figure 4 Relationship between relat
Page 324 and 325: Table 3 Sample calculation of month
Page 326 and 327: clayey soils. If supply is very lim
Page 329: Lead AuthorDavid A. Goldhamer(forme
Page 332 and 333: Fruit growth during this stage is t
Page 334 and 335: Season-long stressSeveral studies h
Page 336 and 337: Table 1Published monthly crop coeff
Page 339 and 340: Four crop-water-production function
Page 341 and 342: size distribution toward more favou
Page 344 and 345: Lead AuthorSAmos Naor(GRI, Universi
Page 346 and 347: Apples tend to have a biennial bear
Page 348 and 349: water stress and thus highly respon
Page 351 and 352: indicate that deficit irrigation ad
Page 353 and 354: Figure 7Effect of midday light inte
Page 355: Figure 10Response of marketable fru
Page 360 and 361: Figure 1 Production trends for plum
Page 362 and 363: soil water. In young orchards, post
Page 364 and 365: Figure 3 Relationships between rela
Page 366: ReferencesAllen, R.G., Pereira, L.S
Page 369 and 370: Figure 1 Production trends for almo
Page 371 and 372: FIGURE 2The three stages of almond
Page 373 and 374: Figure 3Differences in the cultivar
Page 375 and 376: Indicators of tree water statusTo p
Page 377 and 378: nuts are rapidly expanding and late
Page 379 and 380: ReferencesAyars, J.E., Johnson, R.
Page 381 and 382: Table 2 (Continued)Year TreatmentWa
Page 383: Table 3 (continued)Potential900 mmA
Page 386 and 387: Figure 1 Production trends for pear
Page 388 and 389: (Elkins et al., 2007). The appearan
Page 390 and 391: out in Spain under more common grow
Page 392 and 393: Figure 4Relationships between the p
Page 394 and 395: Data in Figure 5 suggest that there
Page 396 and 397: e saved, but this causes a reductio
Page 398: pear 389
Page 401 and 402: Figure 1 Production trends for peac
Page 403 and 404: Figure 2bEvolution of vegetative (s
Page 405 and 406: The postharvest period is important
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the midday stem-water potential in
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PHOTOPeach leaf appearance under th
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FIGURE 5Relation between the crop c
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In applying RDI strategies an impor
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peach 407
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Figure 1 Production trends of walnu
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1 100 mm, a team in California appl
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Figure 1 Production trends for pist
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There are two types of shoot growth
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FIGURE 3Time course development of
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Stage III was the most stress sensi
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(see Chapter 4), as in other specie
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Table 2 Suggested RDI strategies fo
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Lead AuthorSCristos Xiloyannis(Univ
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is completed within 20 days; therea
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or peach. However, because fruit is
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to a midday value varying between -
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Lead AuthorRaúl Ferreyraand Gabrie
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The most critical developmental per
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Figure 4Effects of the level of app
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Lead AuthorJordi Marsal(IRTA, Lleid
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water stress should not be imposed
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Under certain growing conditions, s
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ReferencesAntunez A., Stockle, C. &
Page 463 and 464:
Lead AuthorSVictor O. Sadras(SARDI
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Current season inflorescences becom
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the actual timing of each critical
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environments, rainfall pulses and l
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Figure 6Yield reduction with increa
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Table 3Yield and yield components o
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Figure 9Wine quality score as a fun
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Figure 11Wine attributes of Tempran
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(McCarthy and Coombe, 1999), but ev
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Figure 15Relative yield as a functi
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Shiraz, Grenache and Mourvèdre in
Page 487 and 488:
Girona, J., Mata, M., del Campo, J.
Page 491 and 492:
Lead AuthorSCristos Xiloyannis(Univ
Page 493 and 494:
Figure 2Seasonal pattern of the lea
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Figure 5Fraction of the exposed and
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FIGURE 9Soil volume explored by roo
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Water Requirements and IrrigationMa
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5. EpilogueThis publication, Irriga
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operating systems (e.g., Linux, Uni
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Crop yield response to waterAbstrac
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