Crop yield response to water - Cra

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Figure 3aCrop-water production functions for four studies of different orange cultivars from Spain(Castel and Buj, 1989) and CA, USA (Goldhamer and Salinas, 2000; and Goldhamer et al., 2007).Each study was at least four years in duration. Slopes, intercepts, and correlations coefficientsfor the best fit lines are shown in Table 3.11010090++ +Relative yield80706050+++Clementines; Moncada, SpainFrost Nucellar Navels; SJV; CALane Late Navels; SJV; CAWashington Navels; SJV; CA4040506070 80 90100Relative consumptive useFigure 3b Gross revenue-water production functions for three of the studies shown in Figure 3a.Lane Late Navels; SJV; CAFrost Nucellar Navels; SJV; CA220+Washington Navels; SJV; CA180160Relative gross revenue140120100801:1 Relationship+++ +604040506070 80 90 100110Relative consumptive useCITRUS 327
size distribution toward more favourable fruit value and thus, increasing grower revenue.On the other hand, in a small citrus fruit such as Clementina de Nules, it was concluded thatthe best RDI strategy was irrigation at around 50 percent ET c from July (after June fruit drop)to the beginning of September when late summer autumn rainfall helped to quickly releaseplant water stress (Gonzalez-Altozano and Castel, 1999). The usefulness of this strategy hasalso been recently corroborated in commercial situations (Ballester et al., 2011).It should be noted that the utility of ET c -based RDI regimes depends, in part, on soil conditionsand the amount and storage of winter rainfall in the root zone, especially early in the season.For example, with relatively high winter rainfall, deep soils, and a full coverage irrigationsystem that promotes roots in the entire potential root zone, reducing applied water early inthe season may not induce tree water deficits and will not have much impact on tree waterstatus. On the other hand, with the opposite conditions — low winter rainfall, shallow soils,and localized (drip, microsprinkler) irrigation, there will likely be a rapid decline in tree waterstatus in response to deficit irrigation soon after is imposed.For this reason, the use of a plant-based indicator of tree water status is highly recommendedwhen applying RDI for validating that the desired stress level is being achieved in the tree.In conclusion, given the very wide diversity of combinations of species, cultivars, market andgrowing conditions that exist in citrus, the need to tailor RDI strategies to specific conditions iseven more pressing that for other fruit trees and makes it difficult to recommend generalizedRDI programmes.ReferencesAllen, R.G., S. Pereira, L., Raes, D. & Smith, M. 1998. Crop evapotranspirations-Guidelines for computing waterrequirements. In: FAO Irrigation and drainage paper No. 56. Rome, FAO.Ballester, C., Castel, J., Intrigliolo, D.S. & Castel, J.R. 2011. Response of Clementina de Nules citrus trees to regulateddeficit irrigation. Yield components and fruit composition. Agricultural Water Management. 98:1027-1032.Barbera, G, & Carimi, F. 1988. Effects of different levels of water stress on yield and quality of lemon trees. In:Proceedings of the sixth international citrus congress, pp. 717-722.Brych & Luedders. 1988. Citrus responses to different irrigation levels in South Portugal (Algarve). Proceedings SixthInternational Citrus Congress 1831-1836.Castel, J.R. 1997. Evapotranspiration of a drip-irrigated Clementine citrus tree in a weighing lysimeter. ActaHorticulturae, 449 (1), 91-98.Castel, J. R., Bautista, I., Ramos, C. & Cruz, G. 1987. Evapotranspiration and irrigation efficiency of mature orangeorchards in Valencia (Spain). Irrigation and Drainage Systems, 1(3):205-217.Castel J.R. & Buj, A. 1989. Response of mature ‘Salustiana’ oranges to high frequency deficit irrigation. IrrigationScience 11:121-127.Chartzoulakis, K., Michelakis, N. & Stefanoudaki, E. 1999. Water use, growth, yieldand fruit quality of ‘Bonanza’ orangesunder different soil water. Advances in Horticultural Science 13:6-11.Davies, F.S. & Bower, J. 1994. Water Stress, gas exchange and fruit set of ‘Olinda’ Valencia orange trees in EasternTransvaal area of South Africa. Acta Horticulturae 365:121-127.Eliades, G. 1994. Response of grapefruit to different amounts of water applied by drippers and minisprinklers. ActaHorticulturae 365:129-146.FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database, available at link http://faostat.fao.org/. Accessed on December 2011.Fereres, E., Cruz-Romero, G., Hoffman, G. L. & Rawlins, S. L. 1979. Recovery of orange trees following severe waterstress. Journal of Applied Ecology 16:833-842.García-Petillo, M. & Castel, J. R. 2007. Water balance and crop coefficient estimation of a citrus orchard in Uruguay.Spanish Journal of Agriclutural Research, 5(2):232-243.328crop yield response to water
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Crop yieldresponse to waterFAOIRRIG
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1. IntroductionFood production and
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Lead AuthorsMartin Smith(formerly F
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3. Yield response to waterof herbac
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The WP parameter introduced in Aqua
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figure 7 The root zone depicted as
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threshold and 1.0 at the lower thre
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also calculated by multiplying with
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FIGURE 14 Schematic representation
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figure 17ClimateInput data defining
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Table 1 Conservative crop parameter
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figure 18 The Main AquaCrop menu.di
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Applications to Irrigation Manageme
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Box 1 Simulating deficit irrigation
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for each planting date. If there ar
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ox 2 (CONTINUED)FIGURE 1 Difference
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Heng, L.K., Hsiao,T.C., Evett, S.,
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Table 2Additional information and d
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capacity (FC) and permanent wilting
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densities. This range is referred t
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Table 3Comparison of simulated with
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In Equation 3 C a is the mean air C
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REFERENCESAllen, R., Pereira, L., R
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Lead AuthorSenthold Asseng(formerly
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Figure 1 World wheat harvested area
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When nutrition is limiting, yield p
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wheat 101
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Figure 1 World rice harvested area
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Response to StressesBecause rice ev
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Lead AuthorTheodore C. Hsiao(Univer
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emergence to flowering is about 65
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ReferencesAyers, R.S. & Westcot, D.
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Figure 1 World soybean harvested ar
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A number of studies indicate that s
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ReferencesBhatia, V.S., Piara Singh
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Figure 1 World barley harvested are
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Barley development may be thought o
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The seasonal water requirements for
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Lead AuthorSuhas P. Wani(ICRISAT, A
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sowing usually starts in late Septe
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loss. If water stress is severe eno
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ReferencesFAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online
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Figure 1 World cotton harvested are
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Response to StressesCotton stands o
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FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database,
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spring. In double cropping, sowing
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size as affected by soil water defi
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sunflower 171
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to produce energy (electricity from
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Response to stressLow temperatureSu
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Sugarcane 181
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Figure 1 World potato harvested are
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initiation, vigorous canopy, profus
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ReferencesBradshaw, J.E. 2009. A ge
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Tomato requires soils with proper w
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and there is frequent wetting of ex
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is so excessive that fruit setting
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Lead AuthorsMichele Rinaldi(CRA, Ba
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North Africa and near East ranges f
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Water use & ProductivitySugar beets
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ReferencesAllen, R.G., Pereira, L.S
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Figure 1 Alfalfa harvested area (SA
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Water use & ProductivityAs a perenn
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SalinityAlfalfa is tolerant to rela
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Lead AuthorAsha Karunaratne(formerl
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Generally, the growing season begin
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FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database,
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*Flower and grain colour presented
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Figure 1 World quinoa harvested are
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with typical values around 10.5 g/m
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ReferencesAlvarez-Jubete, L., Arend
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Growth and developmentThe common me
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soils (EARO, 2002). Tef has some to
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tef 243
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Lead AuthorsElias Fereres(Universit
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equirements per unit land area for
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figure 6 The water balance of an or
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ox 2 Understanding the transpiratio
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Orchard transpirationTree Tr is det
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ox 4 Sample calculation of E dz , E
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ox 5 Computing olive tree transpira
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FIGURE 10 Crop coefficient (K c ) c
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For training systems on a vertical
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ox 7Consumptive and non-consumptive
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are seeking more precision in their
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ox 9 Examples of soil water monitor
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Page 292 and 293: ox 12Definition of CWSI and an exam
Page 294 and 295: The water budget methodWith this me
Page 296 and 297: ox 15 Evolution of soil water under
Page 298 and 299: opening and photosynthesis relative
Page 300 and 301: that occur during the periods of fr
Page 302 and 303: The crop, where price can vary more
Page 304: Modify horticultural practicesPruni
Page 307 and 308: FIGURE 13Comparison of yield per un
Page 309 and 310: season. Thus the risks of salinity
Page 312: 4.1 Fruit trees and vinesEditor:Eli
Page 315 and 316: Figure 1 Production trends for oliv
Page 317 and 318: Figure 2Occurrence and duration of
Page 320 and 321: The use of displacement sensors to
Page 322 and 323: Figure 4 Relationship between relat
Page 324 and 325: Table 3 Sample calculation of month
Page 326 and 327: clayey soils. If supply is very lim
Page 329: Lead AuthorDavid A. Goldhamer(forme
Page 332 and 333: Fruit growth during this stage is t
Page 334 and 335: Season-long stressSeveral studies h
Page 336 and 337: Table 1Published monthly crop coeff
Page 339: Four crop-water-production function
Page 344 and 345: Lead AuthorSAmos Naor(GRI, Universi
Page 346 and 347: Apples tend to have a biennial bear
Page 348 and 349: water stress and thus highly respon
Page 351 and 352: indicate that deficit irrigation ad
Page 353 and 354: Figure 7Effect of midday light inte
Page 355 and 356: Figure 10Response of marketable fru
Page 357: Failla, O., Zocchi, Z., Treccani, C
Page 360 and 361: Figure 1 Production trends for plum
Page 362 and 363: soil water. In young orchards, post
Page 364 and 365: Figure 3 Relationships between rela
Page 366: ReferencesAllen, R.G., Pereira, L.S
Page 369 and 370: Figure 1 Production trends for almo
Page 371 and 372: FIGURE 2The three stages of almond
Page 373 and 374: Figure 3Differences in the cultivar
Page 375 and 376: Indicators of tree water statusTo p
Page 377 and 378: nuts are rapidly expanding and late
Page 379 and 380: ReferencesAyars, J.E., Johnson, R.
Page 381 and 382: Table 2 (Continued)Year TreatmentWa
Page 383: Table 3 (continued)Potential900 mmA
Page 386 and 387: Figure 1 Production trends for pear
Page 388 and 389: (Elkins et al., 2007). The appearan
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out in Spain under more common grow
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Figure 4Relationships between the p
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Data in Figure 5 suggest that there
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e saved, but this causes a reductio
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pear 389
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Figure 1 Production trends for peac
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Figure 2bEvolution of vegetative (s
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The postharvest period is important
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the midday stem-water potential in
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PHOTOPeach leaf appearance under th
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FIGURE 5Relation between the crop c
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In applying RDI strategies an impor
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peach 407
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Figure 1 Production trends of walnu
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1 100 mm, a team in California appl
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Figure 1 Production trends for pist
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There are two types of shoot growth
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FIGURE 3Time course development of
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Stage III was the most stress sensi
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(see Chapter 4), as in other specie
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Table 2 Suggested RDI strategies fo
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Lead AuthorSCristos Xiloyannis(Univ
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is completed within 20 days; therea
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or peach. However, because fruit is
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to a midday value varying between -
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Lead AuthorRaúl Ferreyraand Gabrie
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The most critical developmental per
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Figure 4Effects of the level of app
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Lead AuthorJordi Marsal(IRTA, Lleid
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water stress should not be imposed
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Under certain growing conditions, s
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ReferencesAntunez A., Stockle, C. &
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Lead AuthorSVictor O. Sadras(SARDI
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Current season inflorescences becom
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the actual timing of each critical
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environments, rainfall pulses and l
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Figure 6Yield reduction with increa
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Table 3Yield and yield components o
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Figure 9Wine quality score as a fun
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Figure 11Wine attributes of Tempran
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(McCarthy and Coombe, 1999), but ev
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Figure 15Relative yield as a functi
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Shiraz, Grenache and Mourvèdre in
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Girona, J., Mata, M., del Campo, J.
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Lead AuthorSCristos Xiloyannis(Univ
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Figure 2Seasonal pattern of the lea
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Figure 5Fraction of the exposed and
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FIGURE 9Soil volume explored by roo
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Water Requirements and IrrigationMa
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5. EpilogueThis publication, Irriga
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operating systems (e.g., Linux, Uni
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Crop yield response to waterAbstrac
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