Crop yield response to water - Cra

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Table 1Published monthly crop coefficients (K c ) for different mature orange cultivars from differentlocations. All studies used the water budget to determine consumptive use.Source:Castel & Buj,1989Castel et al.,1987Van Bavelet al.,1967Hoffmanet al.,1982Kalma andStanhill,1969García-Petilloand Castel,2007Cultivar:SalustianaWashingtonNavelWashingtonNavelValencia Shamouti ValenciaLocation:Valencia,SpainValencia,SpainTempe,ArizonaYuma,ArizonaRehovot,IsraelKiyú,UruguayJanuary 0.66 0.54 0.57 0.43 1.08 0.51February 0.65 0.63 0.46 0.42 1.37 0.62March 0.66 0.47 0.43 0.66 0.73 0.71April 0.62 0.53 0.55 0.56 0.63 0.78May 0.55 0.48 0.72 0.69 0.70 0.83June 0.62 0.57 0.74 0.74 0.56 0.86July 0.68 0.59 0.75 0.78 0.56 0.88Aug. 0.79 0.68 0.76 0.87 0.45 0.87Sept. 0.74 0.62 0.76 0.87 0.41 0.85Oct. 0.84 0.68 0.85 0.79 0.62 0.81Nov. 0.73 0.75 0.93 0.45 0.70 0.75Dec. 0.63 0.79 0.75 0.34 1.34 0.67Mean 0.68 0.61 0.69 0.63 0.76 0.76Dec., Jan., Feb. 0.65 0.65 0.59 0.40 1.27* 0.87March, April, May 0.61 0.49 0.57 0.64 0.69 0.80June, July, Aug. 0.70 0.61 0.75 0.80 0.52 0.60Sept., Oct., Nov. 0.77 0.68 0.85 0.70 0.58 0.77* High K c values in winter reflect high soil evaporation rates from seasonal rainfall in a Mediterraneanenvironment.CITRUS 323
Water Production FunctionsThe two primary yield components of citrus are fruit load and individual fruit weight. Visualappearance and the market values of different size fruit play a large role in determining thenet worth of a citrus crop, as they are in many tree and vine crops. This is illustrated with twoexamples from orange navels in the San Joaquin Valley, California (Goldhamer and Salinas,2000 and Goldhamer, 2007). The mean gross tonnage from the final three years of a fouryearexperiment where 13 different RDI regimes of various stress timings and durations wereimposed is shown versus applied water in Figure 2a. A linear expression fairly well describesthe relationship (R 2 =0.59) with a slope of about 2:1 in terms of reduced applied water: grosstonnage reduction. The primary difference in crop performance between the RDI regimes wasFigure 2(a) Crop, and (b) Gross revenue versus applied irrigation water for Frost Nucellar navels grownin the southern San Joaquin Valley of CA, USA. Data are mean values of the final three yearsof a four year RDI study (adapted from Goldhamer and Salinas, 2000).a484747Full irrigationGross fruit yield (tonne/ha)464645454444y = 0.0143x + 35.82R = 0.5991:1 Relationship43500550600650 700 750 800850Applied water (mm)b22 00021 50021 000Gross revenue (US$/ha)20 50020 00019 50019 000Full irrigation18 50018 0001:1 Relationship500550600650 700 750 800850Applied water (mm)324crop yield response to water
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Crop yieldresponse to waterFAOIRRIG
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1. IntroductionFood production and
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Lead AuthorsMartin Smith(formerly F
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3. Yield response to waterof herbac
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The WP parameter introduced in Aqua
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figure 7 The root zone depicted as
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threshold and 1.0 at the lower thre
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also calculated by multiplying with
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FIGURE 14 Schematic representation
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figure 17ClimateInput data defining
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Table 1 Conservative crop parameter
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figure 18 The Main AquaCrop menu.di
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Applications to Irrigation Manageme
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Box 1 Simulating deficit irrigation
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for each planting date. If there ar
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ox 2 (CONTINUED)FIGURE 1 Difference
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Heng, L.K., Hsiao,T.C., Evett, S.,
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Table 2Additional information and d
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capacity (FC) and permanent wilting
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densities. This range is referred t
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Table 3Comparison of simulated with
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In Equation 3 C a is the mean air C
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REFERENCESAllen, R., Pereira, L., R
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Lead AuthorSenthold Asseng(formerly
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Figure 1 World wheat harvested area
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When nutrition is limiting, yield p
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wheat 101
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Figure 1 World rice harvested area
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Response to StressesBecause rice ev
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Lead AuthorTheodore C. Hsiao(Univer
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emergence to flowering is about 65
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ReferencesAyers, R.S. & Westcot, D.
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Figure 1 World soybean harvested ar
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A number of studies indicate that s
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ReferencesBhatia, V.S., Piara Singh
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Figure 1 World barley harvested are
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Barley development may be thought o
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The seasonal water requirements for
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Lead AuthorSuhas P. Wani(ICRISAT, A
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sowing usually starts in late Septe
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loss. If water stress is severe eno
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ReferencesFAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online
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Figure 1 World cotton harvested are
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Response to StressesCotton stands o
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FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database,
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spring. In double cropping, sowing
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size as affected by soil water defi
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sunflower 171
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to produce energy (electricity from
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Response to stressLow temperatureSu
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Sugarcane 181
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Figure 1 World potato harvested are
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initiation, vigorous canopy, profus
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ReferencesBradshaw, J.E. 2009. A ge
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Tomato requires soils with proper w
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and there is frequent wetting of ex
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is so excessive that fruit setting
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Lead AuthorsMichele Rinaldi(CRA, Ba
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North Africa and near East ranges f
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Water use & ProductivitySugar beets
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ReferencesAllen, R.G., Pereira, L.S
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Figure 1 Alfalfa harvested area (SA
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Water use & ProductivityAs a perenn
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SalinityAlfalfa is tolerant to rela
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Lead AuthorAsha Karunaratne(formerl
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Generally, the growing season begin
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FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database,
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*Flower and grain colour presented
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Figure 1 World quinoa harvested are
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with typical values around 10.5 g/m
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ReferencesAlvarez-Jubete, L., Arend
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Growth and developmentThe common me
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soils (EARO, 2002). Tef has some to
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tef 243
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Lead AuthorsElias Fereres(Universit
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equirements per unit land area for
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figure 6 The water balance of an or
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ox 2 Understanding the transpiratio
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Orchard transpirationTree Tr is det
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ox 4 Sample calculation of E dz , E
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ox 5 Computing olive tree transpira
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FIGURE 10 Crop coefficient (K c ) c
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For training systems on a vertical
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ox 7Consumptive and non-consumptive
Page 286 and 287: are seeking more precision in their
Page 288 and 289: ox 9 Examples of soil water monitor
Page 290 and 291: ox 10 (CONTINUED)The major limitati
Page 292 and 293: ox 12Definition of CWSI and an exam
Page 294 and 295: The water budget methodWith this me
Page 296 and 297: ox 15 Evolution of soil water under
Page 298 and 299: opening and photosynthesis relative
Page 300 and 301: that occur during the periods of fr
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Page 304: Modify horticultural practicesPruni
Page 307 and 308: FIGURE 13Comparison of yield per un
Page 309 and 310: season. Thus the risks of salinity
Page 312: 4.1 Fruit trees and vinesEditor:Eli
Page 315 and 316: Figure 1 Production trends for oliv
Page 317 and 318: Figure 2Occurrence and duration of
Page 320 and 321: The use of displacement sensors to
Page 322 and 323: Figure 4 Relationship between relat
Page 324 and 325: Table 3 Sample calculation of month
Page 326 and 327: clayey soils. If supply is very lim
Page 329: Lead AuthorDavid A. Goldhamer(forme
Page 332 and 333: Fruit growth during this stage is t
Page 334 and 335: Season-long stressSeveral studies h
Page 339 and 340: Four crop-water-production function
Page 341 and 342: size distribution toward more favou
Page 344 and 345: Lead AuthorSAmos Naor(GRI, Universi
Page 346 and 347: Apples tend to have a biennial bear
Page 348 and 349: water stress and thus highly respon
Page 351 and 352: indicate that deficit irrigation ad
Page 353 and 354: Figure 7Effect of midday light inte
Page 355 and 356: Figure 10Response of marketable fru
Page 357: Failla, O., Zocchi, Z., Treccani, C
Page 360 and 361: Figure 1 Production trends for plum
Page 362 and 363: soil water. In young orchards, post
Page 364 and 365: Figure 3 Relationships between rela
Page 366: ReferencesAllen, R.G., Pereira, L.S
Page 369 and 370: Figure 1 Production trends for almo
Page 371 and 372: FIGURE 2The three stages of almond
Page 373 and 374: Figure 3Differences in the cultivar
Page 375 and 376: Indicators of tree water statusTo p
Page 377 and 378: nuts are rapidly expanding and late
Page 379 and 380: ReferencesAyars, J.E., Johnson, R.
Page 381 and 382: Table 2 (Continued)Year TreatmentWa
Page 383: Table 3 (continued)Potential900 mmA
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Figure 1 Production trends for pear
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(Elkins et al., 2007). The appearan
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out in Spain under more common grow
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Figure 4Relationships between the p
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Data in Figure 5 suggest that there
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e saved, but this causes a reductio
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pear 389
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Figure 1 Production trends for peac
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Figure 2bEvolution of vegetative (s
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The postharvest period is important
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the midday stem-water potential in
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PHOTOPeach leaf appearance under th
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FIGURE 5Relation between the crop c
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In applying RDI strategies an impor
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peach 407
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Figure 1 Production trends of walnu
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1 100 mm, a team in California appl
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Figure 1 Production trends for pist
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There are two types of shoot growth
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FIGURE 3Time course development of
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Stage III was the most stress sensi
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(see Chapter 4), as in other specie
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Table 2 Suggested RDI strategies fo
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Lead AuthorSCristos Xiloyannis(Univ
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is completed within 20 days; therea
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or peach. However, because fruit is
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to a midday value varying between -
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Lead AuthorRaúl Ferreyraand Gabrie
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The most critical developmental per
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Figure 4Effects of the level of app
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Lead AuthorJordi Marsal(IRTA, Lleid
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water stress should not be imposed
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Under certain growing conditions, s
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ReferencesAntunez A., Stockle, C. &
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Lead AuthorSVictor O. Sadras(SARDI
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Current season inflorescences becom
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the actual timing of each critical
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environments, rainfall pulses and l
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Figure 6Yield reduction with increa
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Table 3Yield and yield components o
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Figure 9Wine quality score as a fun
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Figure 11Wine attributes of Tempran
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(McCarthy and Coombe, 1999), but ev
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Figure 15Relative yield as a functi
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Shiraz, Grenache and Mourvèdre in
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Girona, J., Mata, M., del Campo, J.
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Lead AuthorSCristos Xiloyannis(Univ
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Figure 2Seasonal pattern of the lea
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Figure 5Fraction of the exposed and
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FIGURE 9Soil volume explored by roo
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Water Requirements and IrrigationMa
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5. EpilogueThis publication, Irriga
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operating systems (e.g., Linux, Uni
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Crop yield response to waterAbstrac
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Crop yield response to water - Cra

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