Crop yield response to water - Cra

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Figure 12Patterns of seasonal applied water to an orchard under full, regulated (RDI), andsustained (SDI) deficit irrigation.Appliedwater(mm)700600500RDISDIControl400300200100Harvest0120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260Day of yearversus the alternate drying cycles. Indeed, the comparisons between PRD and other forms ofDI, which apply the same irrigation levels under field conditions, have not shown any specificadvantage of PRD over RDI in terms of production per unit irrigation water in a significantnumber of experiments (Figure 13) (Sadras, 2009).Responses to deficit irrigationAll DI strategies aim to control crop water deficits by manipulating water supply as best aspossible to maintain growers’ revenues in water–limiting situations. Contrary to the responsesof most annual crops, where yield declines linearly with ET under many watering regimes, themodulation of water deficits have a different impact on tree crops and vines. As an example,Figure 14 shows that three different DI strategies for almond trees had very different impactson the yield response to applied water.Most current RDI management approaches are based on irrigating a certain percentage ofET during stress-tolerant periods of the season. This concept works relative well in the midand later parts of the season, after the soil moisture reservoir has been depleted of winterrainfall. However, early in the season stored water in the soil profile often buffers the impactof deficit irrigation on plant stress. Thus, even though one reduces irrigation, there will likelybe a lag in terms of producing the desired plant stress. The duration of the lag depends on thedepth of the root zone, soil water holding capacity, effective winter rainfall, and atmosphericevaporative demand. Therefore, there is greater need for precise plant-based water stressindicators, such as pressure chamber measurements, early in the season when using RDI. Forexample, one winegrape RDI strategy recommends delaying irrigation until a target leaf waterpotential is reached and then irrigating at a certain percentage of ET until after fruit colourchange (veraison stage).Yield Response to Water of Fruit Trees and Vines 291
FIGURE 13Comparison of yield per unit irrigation between crops managed with partial root-zone drying(PRD) and conventionally irrigated crops with similar amounts of water. (a) Fruit trees (b) Detailof grapevine cultivars (Sadras, 2009).a80slope = 1.05 ± 0.017n = 59y = xYield per unit applied irrigation water in partial rootzone drying (g/litre)6040200b60402000 20 40 60 800 20 40 60applegrapevinemandarinorangepearpeachraspberrystrawberrytomatoslope = 1.05 ± 0.029y = xn = 59Cabernet SauvignonCastelaoChardonnayMerlotMoscatelSauvignon BlancShirazTempranilloYield per unit applied irrigation water in controls (g/l)The DI practices discussed here refer to mature trees and vines. It has been shown thatdeveloping orchards should not be stressed until their canopies reach mature size to ensurethat maximum production is achieved as early in the life of the orchard/vineyard as possible.Vegetative growth is very sensitive to water deficits and should be avoided if possible. Therefore,meeting the full needs of young orchards and vineyards is particularly important from theeconomic viewpoint, and the allocation of total farm supplies should take into considerationthe objective of meeting full needs of the young orchard blocks whenever possible.Soil fertility and pest management under DI has not been sufficiently researched to makegeneralizations. Since fertilizers are commonly applied through the irrigation system, reducedapplied water will have a concomitant reduction in the amount of applied fertilizer. This should292crop yield response to water
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Crop yieldresponse to waterFAOIRRIG
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1. IntroductionFood production and
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Lead AuthorsMartin Smith(formerly F
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3. Yield response to waterof herbac
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The WP parameter introduced in Aqua
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figure 7 The root zone depicted as
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threshold and 1.0 at the lower thre
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also calculated by multiplying with
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FIGURE 14 Schematic representation
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figure 17ClimateInput data defining
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Table 1 Conservative crop parameter
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figure 18 The Main AquaCrop menu.di
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Applications to Irrigation Manageme
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Box 1 Simulating deficit irrigation
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for each planting date. If there ar
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ox 2 (CONTINUED)FIGURE 1 Difference
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Heng, L.K., Hsiao,T.C., Evett, S.,
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Table 2Additional information and d
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capacity (FC) and permanent wilting
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densities. This range is referred t
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Table 3Comparison of simulated with
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In Equation 3 C a is the mean air C
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REFERENCESAllen, R., Pereira, L., R
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Lead AuthorSenthold Asseng(formerly
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Figure 1 World wheat harvested area
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When nutrition is limiting, yield p
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wheat 101
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Figure 1 World rice harvested area
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Response to StressesBecause rice ev
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Lead AuthorTheodore C. Hsiao(Univer
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emergence to flowering is about 65
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ReferencesAyers, R.S. & Westcot, D.
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Figure 1 World soybean harvested ar
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A number of studies indicate that s
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ReferencesBhatia, V.S., Piara Singh
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Figure 1 World barley harvested are
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Barley development may be thought o
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The seasonal water requirements for
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Lead AuthorSuhas P. Wani(ICRISAT, A
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sowing usually starts in late Septe
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loss. If water stress is severe eno
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ReferencesFAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online
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Figure 1 World cotton harvested are
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Response to StressesCotton stands o
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FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database,
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spring. In double cropping, sowing
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size as affected by soil water defi
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sunflower 171
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to produce energy (electricity from
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Response to stressLow temperatureSu
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Sugarcane 181
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Figure 1 World potato harvested are
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initiation, vigorous canopy, profus
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ReferencesBradshaw, J.E. 2009. A ge
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Tomato requires soils with proper w
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and there is frequent wetting of ex
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is so excessive that fruit setting
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Lead AuthorsMichele Rinaldi(CRA, Ba
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North Africa and near East ranges f
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Water use & ProductivitySugar beets
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ReferencesAllen, R.G., Pereira, L.S
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Figure 1 Alfalfa harvested area (SA
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Water use & ProductivityAs a perenn
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SalinityAlfalfa is tolerant to rela
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Lead AuthorAsha Karunaratne(formerl
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Generally, the growing season begin
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FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database,
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*Flower and grain colour presented
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Figure 1 World quinoa harvested are
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with typical values around 10.5 g/m
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ReferencesAlvarez-Jubete, L., Arend
Page 254 and 255: Growth and developmentThe common me
Page 256 and 257: soils (EARO, 2002). Tef has some to
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Page 261 and 262: Lead AuthorsElias Fereres(Universit
Page 264: equirements per unit land area for
Page 268 and 269: figure 6 The water balance of an or
Page 270 and 271: ox 2 Understanding the transpiratio
Page 272: Orchard transpirationTree Tr is det
Page 276 and 277: ox 4 Sample calculation of E dz , E
Page 278 and 279: ox 5 Computing olive tree transpira
Page 280 and 281: FIGURE 10 Crop coefficient (K c ) c
Page 282 and 283: For training systems on a vertical
Page 284 and 285: ox 7Consumptive and non-consumptive
Page 286 and 287: are seeking more precision in their
Page 288 and 289: ox 9 Examples of soil water monitor
Page 290 and 291: ox 10 (CONTINUED)The major limitati
Page 292 and 293: ox 12Definition of CWSI and an exam
Page 294 and 295: The water budget methodWith this me
Page 296 and 297: ox 15 Evolution of soil water under
Page 298 and 299: opening and photosynthesis relative
Page 300 and 301: that occur during the periods of fr
Page 302 and 303: The crop, where price can vary more
Page 304: Modify horticultural practicesPruni
Page 309 and 310: season. Thus the risks of salinity
Page 312: 4.1 Fruit trees and vinesEditor:Eli
Page 315 and 316: Figure 1 Production trends for oliv
Page 317 and 318: Figure 2Occurrence and duration of
Page 320 and 321: The use of displacement sensors to
Page 322 and 323: Figure 4 Relationship between relat
Page 324 and 325: Table 3 Sample calculation of month
Page 326 and 327: clayey soils. If supply is very lim
Page 329: Lead AuthorDavid A. Goldhamer(forme
Page 332 and 333: Fruit growth during this stage is t
Page 334 and 335: Season-long stressSeveral studies h
Page 336 and 337: Table 1Published monthly crop coeff
Page 339 and 340: Four crop-water-production function
Page 341 and 342: size distribution toward more favou
Page 344 and 345: Lead AuthorSAmos Naor(GRI, Universi
Page 346 and 347: Apples tend to have a biennial bear
Page 348 and 349: water stress and thus highly respon
Page 351 and 352: indicate that deficit irrigation ad
Page 353 and 354: Figure 7Effect of midday light inte
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Figure 10Response of marketable fru
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Failla, O., Zocchi, Z., Treccani, C
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Figure 1 Production trends for plum
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soil water. In young orchards, post
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Figure 3 Relationships between rela
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ReferencesAllen, R.G., Pereira, L.S
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Figure 1 Production trends for almo
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FIGURE 2The three stages of almond
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Figure 3Differences in the cultivar
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Indicators of tree water statusTo p
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nuts are rapidly expanding and late
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ReferencesAyars, J.E., Johnson, R.
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Table 2 (Continued)Year TreatmentWa
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Table 3 (continued)Potential900 mmA
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Figure 1 Production trends for pear
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(Elkins et al., 2007). The appearan
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out in Spain under more common grow
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Figure 4Relationships between the p
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Data in Figure 5 suggest that there
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e saved, but this causes a reductio
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pear 389
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Figure 1 Production trends for peac
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Figure 2bEvolution of vegetative (s
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The postharvest period is important
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the midday stem-water potential in
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PHOTOPeach leaf appearance under th
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FIGURE 5Relation between the crop c
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In applying RDI strategies an impor
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peach 407
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Figure 1 Production trends of walnu
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1 100 mm, a team in California appl
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Figure 1 Production trends for pist
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There are two types of shoot growth
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FIGURE 3Time course development of
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Stage III was the most stress sensi
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(see Chapter 4), as in other specie
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Table 2 Suggested RDI strategies fo
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Lead AuthorSCristos Xiloyannis(Univ
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is completed within 20 days; therea
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or peach. However, because fruit is
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to a midday value varying between -
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Lead AuthorRaúl Ferreyraand Gabrie
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The most critical developmental per
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Figure 4Effects of the level of app
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Lead AuthorJordi Marsal(IRTA, Lleid
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water stress should not be imposed
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Under certain growing conditions, s
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ReferencesAntunez A., Stockle, C. &
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Lead AuthorSVictor O. Sadras(SARDI
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Current season inflorescences becom
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the actual timing of each critical
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environments, rainfall pulses and l
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Figure 6Yield reduction with increa
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Table 3Yield and yield components o
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Figure 9Wine quality score as a fun
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Figure 11Wine attributes of Tempran
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(McCarthy and Coombe, 1999), but ev
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Figure 15Relative yield as a functi
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Shiraz, Grenache and Mourvèdre in
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Girona, J., Mata, M., del Campo, J.
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Lead AuthorSCristos Xiloyannis(Univ
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Figure 2Seasonal pattern of the lea
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Figure 5Fraction of the exposed and
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FIGURE 9Soil volume explored by roo
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Water Requirements and IrrigationMa
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5. EpilogueThis publication, Irriga
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operating systems (e.g., Linux, Uni
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Crop yield response to waterAbstrac
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Crop yield response to water - Cra

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