Crop yield response to water - Cra

More documents

Recommendations

Info

The model AquaCrop computes E for the two stages according to the equations:(3)E Stage I =(1-CC*)Ke x ET oE Stage II =Kr(1-CC*)Ke x ET oWhere, CC is canopy cover, (1-CC*) is the non-shaded, exposed soil from which evaporationtakes place, corrected with an advection coefficient; Ke x is a coefficient set at 1.1, and Kr is areduction coefficient, which is calculated as a function of the soil-water content of the uppersoil surface layers.Figure 9 shows a calculation of bare soil evaporation using the AquaCrop model for a periodof 15 days after a thorough irrigation.figure 9 Evaporation from bare soil in midsummer calculated with the AquaCrop model following60 mm irrigation.876E (mm)5432100 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16DayThe major complication in computing E from an orchard or vineyard is that the soil is partiallyand dynamically shaded by the crop canopy, and even if the surface is wet, E is limited by theincoming energy.The spatial variation of incoming energy within the orchard floor depends on tree spacing,canopy size and architecture and on the leaf area density. Some models have been developedto compute E under orchards and they can be used to compute E from soil that is wetted byeither rainfall or by full coverage irrigation.Yield Response to Water of Fruit Trees and Vines 259
Page 3:
Crop yieldresponse to waterFAOIRRIG
Page 16 and 17:
1. IntroductionFood production and
Page 21:
Lead AuthorsMartin Smith(formerly F
Page 31:
3. Yield response to waterof herbac
Page 40 and 41:
The WP parameter introduced in Aqua
Page 43 and 44:
figure 7 The root zone depicted as
Page 47 and 48:
threshold and 1.0 at the lower thre
Page 50 and 51:
also calculated by multiplying with
Page 53:
FIGURE 14 Schematic representation
Page 57 and 58:
figure 17ClimateInput data defining
Page 59 and 60:
Table 1 Conservative crop parameter
Page 62:
figure 18 The Main AquaCrop menu.di
Page 67:
Applications to Irrigation Manageme
Page 72:
Box 1 Simulating deficit irrigation
Page 75 and 76:
for each planting date. If there ar
Page 77:
ox 2 (CONTINUED)FIGURE 1 Difference
Page 83 and 84:
Heng, L.K., Hsiao,T.C., Evett, S.,
Page 88 and 89:
Table 2Additional information and d
Page 90 and 91:
capacity (FC) and permanent wilting
Page 95 and 96:
densities. This range is referred t
Page 97 and 98:
Table 3Comparison of simulated with
Page 99 and 100:
In Equation 3 C a is the mean air C
Page 102:
REFERENCESAllen, R., Pereira, L., R
Page 107 and 108:
Lead AuthorSenthold Asseng(formerly
Page 109 and 110:
Figure 1 World wheat harvested area
Page 113 and 114:
When nutrition is limiting, yield p
Page 116:
wheat 101
Page 120 and 121:
Figure 1 World rice harvested area
Page 123:
Response to StressesBecause rice ev
Page 129 and 130:
Lead AuthorTheodore C. Hsiao(Univer
Page 132 and 133:
emergence to flowering is about 65
Page 135 and 136:
ReferencesAyers, R.S. & Westcot, D.
Page 140:
Figure 1 World soybean harvested ar
Page 144 and 145:
A number of studies indicate that s
Page 146:
ReferencesBhatia, V.S., Piara Singh
Page 150 and 151:
Figure 1 World barley harvested are
Page 152:
Barley development may be thought o
Page 155 and 156:
The seasonal water requirements for
Page 159 and 160:
Lead AuthorSuhas P. Wani(ICRISAT, A
Page 161:
sowing usually starts in late Septe
Page 164 and 165:
loss. If water stress is severe eno
Page 166:
ReferencesFAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online
Page 170:
Figure 1 World cotton harvested are
Page 173:
Response to StressesCotton stands o
Page 176:
FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database,
Page 181 and 182:
spring. In double cropping, sowing
Page 183 and 184:
size as affected by soil water defi
Page 186:
sunflower 171
Page 191 and 192:
to produce energy (electricity from
Page 193 and 194:
Response to stressLow temperatureSu
Page 196:
Sugarcane 181
Page 200 and 201:
Figure 1 World potato harvested are
Page 202 and 203:
initiation, vigorous canopy, profus
Page 204:
ReferencesBradshaw, J.E. 2009. A ge
Page 209 and 210:
Tomato requires soils with proper w
Page 211 and 212:
and there is frequent wetting of ex
Page 213 and 214:
is so excessive that fruit setting
Page 217 and 218:
Lead AuthorsMichele Rinaldi(CRA, Ba
Page 219 and 220:
North Africa and near East ranges f
Page 221 and 222:
Water use & ProductivitySugar beets
Page 223 and 224: ReferencesAllen, R.G., Pereira, L.S
Page 228 and 229: Figure 1 Alfalfa harvested area (SA
Page 231 and 232: Water use & ProductivityAs a perenn
Page 233 and 234: SalinityAlfalfa is tolerant to rela
Page 237 and 238: Lead AuthorAsha Karunaratne(formerl
Page 239 and 240: Generally, the growing season begin
Page 241 and 242: FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database,
Page 244 and 245: *Flower and grain colour presented
Page 246 and 247: Figure 1 World quinoa harvested are
Page 248 and 249: with typical values around 10.5 g/m
Page 250: ReferencesAlvarez-Jubete, L., Arend
Page 254 and 255: Growth and developmentThe common me
Page 256 and 257: soils (EARO, 2002). Tef has some to
Page 258: tef 243
Page 261 and 262: Lead AuthorsElias Fereres(Universit
Page 264: equirements per unit land area for
Page 268 and 269: figure 6 The water balance of an or
Page 270 and 271: ox 2 Understanding the transpiratio
Page 272: Orchard transpirationTree Tr is det
Page 277 and 278: (8) Tr cc = K cc ET o f ccWhere, f
Page 279 and 280: ox 5 (CONTINUED)F 2 VALUES (Norther
Page 281 and 282: ox 6 Examples for determining ET of
Page 283 and 284: Determining irrigation requirements
Page 285 and 286: ox 8 Spatial relation between the d
Page 287 and 288: accurately determine volumetric soi
Page 289 and 290: ox 10 This page: Examples of the di
Page 291 and 292: ox 11 Reference values of stem-wate
Page 293 and 294: A major advantage of the canopy tem
Page 295 and 296: The water budget technique is very
Page 297 and 298: high sensitivity level, as discusse
Page 299 and 300: of crop responses to water deficits
Page 301 and 302: ox 18 Generalized relationships bet
Page 303 and 304: ox 19 (CONTINUED)(b) In the second
Page 306 and 307: Figure 12Patterns of seasonal appli
Page 308 and 309: figure 14Response of an almond orch
Page 310: Additional ReadingFollowing are a n
Page 314 and 315: Lead AuthorSRiccardo Gucci,(Univers
Page 316 and 317: in the first years of production (t
Page 318: Because olives flower late, the ris
Page 321 and 322: Table 1b Summary of recommended oli
Page 323 and 324:
Table 2 Relative yield and gross re
Page 325 and 326:
Figure 5Hypothetical seasonal cours
Page 327:
ReferencesAngelopulos, K., Dichio,
Page 331 and 332:
Early vegetative and reproductive g
Page 333 and 334:
Summer stressDuring this period of
Page 335 and 336:
almond had its highest Gl of close
Page 337:
Water Production FunctionsThe two p
Page 340 and 341:
Figure 3aCrop-water production func
Page 342:
Goldhamer, D. A. & Salinas, M. 2000
Page 345 and 346:
Figure 1 Production trends for appl
Page 347 and 348:
division, and that limitation of po
Page 349:
oth irrigation level and crop load.
Page 352 and 353:
Figure 6Seasonal reference ET o cro
Page 354 and 355:
Figure 8 Water production function
Page 356 and 357:
Table 2 Apple orchard water require
Page 359 and 360:
Lead AuthorSDiego S. Intrigliolo,Ju
Page 361 and 362:
The fruit with fleshy pericarp is c
Page 363 and 364:
Figure 2 Relationships between aver
Page 365 and 366:
Suggested Deficit Irrigation Strate
Page 368 and 369:
Lead AuthorDavid A. Goldhamer(forme
Page 370 and 371:
Early Vegetative and Reproductive g
Page 372 and 373:
The research results on preharvest
Page 374 and 375:
Much less work has been done on the
Page 376 and 377:
Figure 5 shows that with mild defic
Page 378 and 379:
FIGURE 6Relationships between appli
Page 380 and 381:
Table 2 Irrigation management, yiel
Page 382 and 383:
Table 3 Suggested RDI strategies fo
Page 385 and 386:
Lead AuthorJordi Marsal(IRTA, Lleid
Page 387 and 388:
Figure 2Reproductive growth of pear
Page 389 and 390:
Figure 3Effects of postharvest irri
Page 391 and 392:
Table 1Crop coefficients relative t
Page 393 and 394:
same cultivar but used in Italy and
Page 395 and 396:
notice that this was the case for B
Page 397 and 398:
REFERENCESAllen, R.G., Pereira, L.S
Page 400 and 401:
Lead AuthorSJoan Girona(IRTA, Lleid
Page 402 and 403:
Description of the stages of develo
Page 404 and 405:
Figure 3(a): Relationship between a
Page 406 and 407:
several others since that time have
Page 408 and 409:
BOXDetecting water stress in peachA
Page 410 and 411:
Water RequirementsThe water use rat
Page 412 and 413:
Figure 6Relation between relative y
Page 414 and 415:
Johnson, R.S. & Phene, B.C. 2008. F
Page 417 and 418:
Page 419 and 420:
production recovery from severe wat
Page 422 and 423:
Page 424 and 425:
Description of the stages of develo
Page 426 and 427:
used to collect the nuts, which are
Page 428 and 429:
yield of marketable product (split
Page 430 and 431:
Figure 4Total tree nut load for tre
Page 433 and 434:
Figure 6Production function develop
Page 435:
ReferencesAydın, Y. 2004. The effe
Page 438 and 439:
Figure 1 Production trends for apri
Page 440 and 441:
Responses to Water DeficitsIn areas
Page 442 and 443:
Figure 4Apricot (cv. Búlida) shoot
Page 444:
apricot 439
Page 447 and 448:
Figure 1 Production trends for avoc
Page 449 and 450:
Stem-water potential (SWP) values a
Page 451:
ReferencesFaber, B., Apaia, M. & M.
Page 454 and 455:
Figure 1 Production trends for swee
Page 456 and 457:
Figure 4Daily patterns of sunlit le
Page 458 and 459:
season (Marsal, 2010). However, the
Page 460:
sweet CHERRY 457
Page 464 and 465:
Figure 1 Grape production between 1
Page 466 and 467:
Table 1Key vegetative and reproduct
Page 468 and 469:
Figure 3Plasticity of flowering of
Page 470 and 471:
In common with most crops, tissue e
Page 472 and 473:
minimal4season 1 (l h -1 )4eason 1
Page 474 and 475:
Table 4Yield, fruit sugar concentra
Page 476 and 477:
Figure 10Negative associations betw
Page 478 and 479:
Table 5Sensory evaluation of experi
Page 480 and 481:
FIGURE 14Seasonal dynamics of crop
Page 482:
Box 2 Crop and soil measurements to
Page 486 and 487:
ReferencesAlmenberg, J. & Dreber, A
Page 488:
Petrie, P.R. & Sadras, V.O. 2008. A
Page 492 and 493:
Figure 1 Production trends for kiwi
Page 494 and 495:
Figure 3Evolution of the LAI in A.
Page 496 and 497:
Figure 7Schematic representation of
Page 498 and 499:
water content is high enough to avo
Page 500 and 501:
REFERENCESClearwater, M.J., Lowe, R
Page 502 and 503:
attention to rough estimations or a
Page 504 and 505:
FAO IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE PAPERS1
show all

Crop yield response to water - Cra

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?