Crop yield response to water - Cra

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soils (EARO, 2002). Tef has some tolerance to frost and flooding, and to high temperatures upto 35 °C, but cannot survive a prolonged freeze (NRC, 1996).Irrigation practiceIrrigation is not commonly practised in the traditional culture areas, though water scarcity isthe major limiting factor for tef growth in arid and semi-arid regions of Ethiopia because ofinadequate and erratic rainfall. Research shows clearly that tef benefits from supplementaryirrigation in locations prone to terminal drought by maintaining the green canopy longer(Araya et al., 2010).YieldThe national average yield under rainfed condition in Ethiopia is around 1 tonne/ha, althoughyields more than 2 tonne/ha may be attainable with good agronomy. One reason for the lowyield is the nitrogen limitation. In one study (Tulema et al., 2005) on two soil types and threelocations in Central Ethiopia, a late-maturing cultivar of tef yielded 0.77, 1.6 and 1.9 tonne/ha,and the measured N (grain plus straw) totaled 58, 103 and 126 kg/ha, at the three locations.64 kg/ha of N was applied to the soil in all cases. For the highest yield, the amount of N appliedwas only about half of the N removed by 1.9 tonne/ha crop. These results indicate that N maybe a major factor limiting current yields. Nevertheless, increasing N fertilization may increaselodging, and another likely reason for low yield is tef’s tendency to lodge while the canopyis still green. The potential for yield increase by minimizing lodging was shown in a study(Teklu and Tefera, 2005) where many cultivars were optimally grown in the field through fixednettings to provide support for the stems and prevent lodging. The yields varied from 2.9 to4.6 tonne/ha, with a mean of 3.8 tonne/ha. Efforts are apparently underway to breed forlodging resistance (van Delden et al., 2010).Still another reason for the low yield of tef is its low harvest index (HI). As a national averagefor Ethiopia, an HI of 0.24 is reported by Seyfu (1997). Teklu and Tefera (2005) found HI tobe in a similar range for their many tef cultivars. On the other hand, Temesgen et al. (2005)reported mean HI ranging from 0.33 to 0.38 for different clusters of germplasm accessions,but did not specify the plant density. In contrast, HI of modern cultivars of other cereal cropsfall around 0.45 to 0.50.ReferencesAraya, A., Keesstra, S.D. & Stroosnijder, L. 2010. Simulating yield response to water of Teff (Eragrostis tef) withFAO's AquaCrop model. Field Crops Research 116:196–204.Aune, J., Mateweos, T.B., Fenta, G.A. & Abyie, A.N. 2001. The oxen ploughing system in Ethiopia: can it be sustained?Outlook Agriculture, 30, 275–280.EARO. 2002. Research recommendations for improved crop production. Addis Ababa, Crop Research Directorate:Ethiopian agricultural research organization.Fufa, H., Tesfa, B., Hailu T., Kebebew, A., Tiruneh, K., Aberra, D. & Seyfu, K. 2001. Agronomy research in Tef. In: HailuTefera, Getachew Beley and Sorrells, M., eds. Narrowing the Rift. Tef Research and Development. Proceedingsof the International Workshop on Tef Genetics and Improvement, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia, 16-19 October 2000,pp. 167-176.tef 241
Hirut, K., Johnson, R.C. & Ferris, D.M. 1989. Photosynthetic response of Eragrostis tef to temperature. PhysiologiaPlantarum, 77, 262-266.Holden, M. 1973. Chloroplast pigments in plants with the C 4 -dicarboxylic acid pathway of photosynthesis.Photosynthetica 7: 41-49;Mulu, A., Blum, A. & Nguyen, H.T. 2001. Diversity for osmotic adjustment and root depth in TEF. [Eragrostis tef (Zucc)Trotter]. Euphytica, 121: 237–249.NRC. 1996. National Research Council. Lost crops of Africa. Volume I: Grains. Washington, DC, National Academy Press.Seyfu, K. 1997. Tef. Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter. Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglectedcrops. Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben/International Plant Genetic ResourcesInstitute, Rome.Temesgen, A., Seifu, K, Hailu, T. & Sridhara, H. 2005. Genetic diversity in tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] germplasm.Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 52, 891–902.Teklu, Y. & Tefera, H. 2005. Genetic improvement in grain yield potentialand associated agronomic traits of tef(Eragrostis tef ). Euphytica, International Journal of Plant Breeding 141: 247–254.Tulema, B., Zapata, F., Aune, J. & Sitaula, B. 2005. N fertilisation, soil type and cultivars effects on N use efficiency intef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter]. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 71: 203–211.van Delden, S. H., Vos, J., Ennos, A. R. & Stomph, T. J. 2010. Analysing lodging of the panicle bearing cereal teff(Eragrostis tef). New Phytologist 186: 696–707.Vavilov, N.I. 1951. The origin, variation, immunity and breeding of cultivated plants. New York, The Ronald Press Co.,[Translated from the Russian by K. StarrChester].242crop yield response to water
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Crop yieldresponse to waterFAOIRRIG
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1. IntroductionFood production and
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Lead AuthorsMartin Smith(formerly F
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3. Yield response to waterof herbac
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The WP parameter introduced in Aqua
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figure 7 The root zone depicted as
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threshold and 1.0 at the lower thre
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also calculated by multiplying with
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FIGURE 14 Schematic representation
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figure 17ClimateInput data defining
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Table 1 Conservative crop parameter
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figure 18 The Main AquaCrop menu.di
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Applications to Irrigation Manageme
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Box 1 Simulating deficit irrigation
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for each planting date. If there ar
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ox 2 (CONTINUED)FIGURE 1 Difference
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Heng, L.K., Hsiao,T.C., Evett, S.,
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Table 2Additional information and d
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capacity (FC) and permanent wilting
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densities. This range is referred t
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Table 3Comparison of simulated with
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In Equation 3 C a is the mean air C
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REFERENCESAllen, R., Pereira, L., R
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Lead AuthorSenthold Asseng(formerly
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Figure 1 World wheat harvested area
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When nutrition is limiting, yield p
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wheat 101
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Figure 1 World rice harvested area
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Response to StressesBecause rice ev
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Lead AuthorTheodore C. Hsiao(Univer
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emergence to flowering is about 65
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ReferencesAyers, R.S. & Westcot, D.
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Figure 1 World soybean harvested ar
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A number of studies indicate that s
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ReferencesBhatia, V.S., Piara Singh
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Figure 1 World barley harvested are
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Barley development may be thought o
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The seasonal water requirements for
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Lead AuthorSuhas P. Wani(ICRISAT, A
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sowing usually starts in late Septe
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loss. If water stress is severe eno
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ReferencesFAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online
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Figure 1 World cotton harvested are
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Response to StressesCotton stands o
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FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database,
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spring. In double cropping, sowing
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size as affected by soil water defi
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sunflower 171
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to produce energy (electricity from
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Response to stressLow temperatureSu
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Sugarcane 181
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Figure 1 World potato harvested are
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initiation, vigorous canopy, profus
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ReferencesBradshaw, J.E. 2009. A ge
Page 209 and 210: Tomato requires soils with proper w
Page 211 and 212: and there is frequent wetting of ex
Page 213 and 214: is so excessive that fruit setting
Page 217 and 218: Lead AuthorsMichele Rinaldi(CRA, Ba
Page 219 and 220: North Africa and near East ranges f
Page 221 and 222: Water use & ProductivitySugar beets
Page 223 and 224: ReferencesAllen, R.G., Pereira, L.S
Page 228 and 229: Figure 1 Alfalfa harvested area (SA
Page 231 and 232: Water use & ProductivityAs a perenn
Page 233 and 234: SalinityAlfalfa is tolerant to rela
Page 237 and 238: Lead AuthorAsha Karunaratne(formerl
Page 239 and 240: Generally, the growing season begin
Page 241 and 242: FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database,
Page 244 and 245: *Flower and grain colour presented
Page 246 and 247: Figure 1 World quinoa harvested are
Page 248 and 249: with typical values around 10.5 g/m
Page 250: ReferencesAlvarez-Jubete, L., Arend
Page 254 and 255: Growth and developmentThe common me
Page 258: tef 243
Page 261 and 262: Lead AuthorsElias Fereres(Universit
Page 264: equirements per unit land area for
Page 268 and 269: figure 6 The water balance of an or
Page 270 and 271: ox 2 Understanding the transpiratio
Page 272: Orchard transpirationTree Tr is det
Page 276 and 277: ox 4 Sample calculation of E dz , E
Page 278 and 279: ox 5 Computing olive tree transpira
Page 280 and 281: FIGURE 10 Crop coefficient (K c ) c
Page 282 and 283: For training systems on a vertical
Page 284 and 285: ox 7Consumptive and non-consumptive
Page 286 and 287: are seeking more precision in their
Page 288 and 289: ox 9 Examples of soil water monitor
Page 290 and 291: ox 10 (CONTINUED)The major limitati
Page 292 and 293: ox 12Definition of CWSI and an exam
Page 294 and 295: The water budget methodWith this me
Page 296 and 297: ox 15 Evolution of soil water under
Page 298 and 299: opening and photosynthesis relative
Page 300 and 301: that occur during the periods of fr
Page 302 and 303: The crop, where price can vary more
Page 304: Modify horticultural practicesPruni
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FIGURE 13Comparison of yield per un
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season. Thus the risks of salinity
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4.1 Fruit trees and vinesEditor:Eli
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Figure 1 Production trends for oliv
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Figure 2Occurrence and duration of
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The use of displacement sensors to
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Figure 4 Relationship between relat
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Table 3 Sample calculation of month
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clayey soils. If supply is very lim
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Lead AuthorDavid A. Goldhamer(forme
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Fruit growth during this stage is t
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Season-long stressSeveral studies h
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Table 1Published monthly crop coeff
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Four crop-water-production function
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size distribution toward more favou
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Lead AuthorSAmos Naor(GRI, Universi
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Apples tend to have a biennial bear
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water stress and thus highly respon
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indicate that deficit irrigation ad
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Figure 7Effect of midday light inte
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Figure 10Response of marketable fru
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Failla, O., Zocchi, Z., Treccani, C
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Figure 1 Production trends for plum
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soil water. In young orchards, post
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Figure 3 Relationships between rela
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ReferencesAllen, R.G., Pereira, L.S
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Figure 1 Production trends for almo
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FIGURE 2The three stages of almond
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Figure 3Differences in the cultivar
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Indicators of tree water statusTo p
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nuts are rapidly expanding and late
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ReferencesAyars, J.E., Johnson, R.
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Table 2 (Continued)Year TreatmentWa
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Table 3 (continued)Potential900 mmA
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Figure 1 Production trends for pear
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(Elkins et al., 2007). The appearan
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out in Spain under more common grow
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Figure 4Relationships between the p
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Data in Figure 5 suggest that there
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e saved, but this causes a reductio
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pear 389
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Figure 1 Production trends for peac
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Figure 2bEvolution of vegetative (s
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The postharvest period is important
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the midday stem-water potential in
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PHOTOPeach leaf appearance under th
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FIGURE 5Relation between the crop c
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In applying RDI strategies an impor
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peach 407
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Figure 1 Production trends of walnu
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1 100 mm, a team in California appl
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Figure 1 Production trends for pist
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There are two types of shoot growth
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FIGURE 3Time course development of
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Stage III was the most stress sensi
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(see Chapter 4), as in other specie
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Table 2 Suggested RDI strategies fo
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Lead AuthorSCristos Xiloyannis(Univ
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is completed within 20 days; therea
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or peach. However, because fruit is
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to a midday value varying between -
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Lead AuthorRaúl Ferreyraand Gabrie
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The most critical developmental per
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Figure 4Effects of the level of app
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Lead AuthorJordi Marsal(IRTA, Lleid
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water stress should not be imposed
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Under certain growing conditions, s
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ReferencesAntunez A., Stockle, C. &
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Lead AuthorSVictor O. Sadras(SARDI
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Current season inflorescences becom
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the actual timing of each critical
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environments, rainfall pulses and l
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Figure 6Yield reduction with increa
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Table 3Yield and yield components o
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Figure 9Wine quality score as a fun
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Figure 11Wine attributes of Tempran
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(McCarthy and Coombe, 1999), but ev
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Figure 15Relative yield as a functi
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Shiraz, Grenache and Mourvèdre in
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Girona, J., Mata, M., del Campo, J.
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Lead AuthorSCristos Xiloyannis(Univ
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Figure 2Seasonal pattern of the lea
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Figure 5Fraction of the exposed and
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FIGURE 9Soil volume explored by roo
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Water Requirements and IrrigationMa
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5. EpilogueThis publication, Irriga
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operating systems (e.g., Linux, Uni
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Crop yield response to waterAbstrac
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