Crop yield response to water - Cra

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Maximum Yield (Y x )The FAO I&D No. 33 recommended procedures for estimating maximum yield either fromavailable local data for maximum crop yields or based on the calculation of maximum biomassand a corresponding harvest index, following two different procedures:I. Wageningen procedure (De Wit, 1968; Slabbers, 1978)II. Ecological zone approach (Kassam, 1977)These procedures for yield estimation were developed in the late sixties and seventies. Theconsiderable advances in agronomy and crop physiology, though, allow for the use of moreprecise methods to estimate maximum yields.Maximum Crop EvAPOTRANSPIRATION (ET x )Procedures for determining ET x were based on FAO guidelines for crop-water requirements(ET c ), and the ET x component of Equation 1, which is equal to ET c , was determined throughthe product of the reference-crop evapotranspiration (ET o ) times the crop coefficient (K c ), i.e.(2) ET x = K c ET oOriginal procedures for determining ET o are described in FAO I&D No. 24 (Doorenbos andPruitt, 1977), offering different equations for its calculation according to the availableclimate data. K c values were provided for a large number of crops and procedures todetermine ET c over the growing season. Subsequently, revised procedures for calculatingET o were introduced in FAO I&D No. 56 (Allen et al., 1998), according to the FAO Penman-Monteith equation, which has now become the standard for estimating reference cropevapotranspiration.Actual Crop EvAPOTRANSPIRATION (ET a )It is very difficult to estimate the actual crop evapotranspiration with precision. FAO I&D No. 33provided tables from which ET a could be estimated from data on evapotranspiration rate,available soil water and wetting intervals. The tables however proved cumbersome and laterwere replaced by more accurate ET a calculations based on daily water balance calculations anddigital computation methods.Water balance calculations allow the level of available soil water in the root zone to bedetermined on a daily basis. As long as soil water is readily available for the crop, then ET a =ET x . When a critical soil moisture level is reached, defined as a fraction of the total availablesoil water content (p), transpiration is reduced because the stomata close and thus ET a < ET x ,until the level of soil water in the root zone reaches the permanent wilting point, when ET ais assumed to be zero. This critical soil-water content is estimated from soil, crop and rootingcharacteristics and from the ET o rate. Depletion of soil-water content between p and thepermanent wilting point will result in a proportional reduction of ET a .Yield Response to Water of All Crop Types 9
Page 3: Crop yieldresponse to waterFAOIRRIG
Page 16 and 17: 1. IntroductionFood production and
Page 21: Lead AuthorsMartin Smith(formerly F
Page 38: figure 3 An example of the progress
Page 41: figure 5 Relationship (a) between a
Page 44: FIGURE 8 A soil profile with more t
Page 48: acclimation. The stress thresholds,
Page 51: selected with a tendency to set mor
Page 55: occupied by air in the root zone. T
Page 58 and 59: Care must be taken, however, to avo
Page 60: It should be emphasized that for te
Page 64: Users should change the first part
Page 71 and 72: conducted (and saved to disk) to re
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Applications related to agronomy an
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Box 2 (CONTINUED)A common soil for
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• typical crops with representat
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AQUACROP APPLICATIONS 69
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Location and User Specific Paramete
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eginning of flowering, to the begin
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After LAI of the planting is estima
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line portion of near constant slope
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depletion) in AquaCrop. Depending o
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3.4 Herbaceous cropsEditor:Theodore
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with the lower densities being used
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TAbLE 1Duration of the main phenolo
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minimize water deficits during the
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Lead AuthorBas A.M. Bouman(IRRI, Lo
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historically grown under shifting c
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and 6-8 tonne/ha in the wet season.
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Figure 1 World maize harvested area
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estricted transpiration rate. Contr
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maize 121
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can continue to grow after this. Ma
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flowering. Irrigation during pod fi
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Lead AuthorRoxana Savin(University
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two cereals are scarce, one of the
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the onset of stem elongation to the
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ReferencesAbeledo, L.G., Calderini,
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Figure 1 Typical developmental stag
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15 °C, grain sorghum takes 250 to
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at flowering would inhibit pollinat
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Lead AuthorSteven R. Evett(USDA-ARS
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Table 1Days for development stage b
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from 0.65 to 1.3 tonne/ha for surfa
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Lead AuthorsMargarita Garcia-Vila(U
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genotypes to photoperiod is variabl
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Irrigation practiceSunflower is gro
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Figure 1 World sugarcane harvested
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The stalk is composed of an immatur
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Yield and harvest indexCommercial y
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Lead AuthorRoberto Quiroz(CIP, Lima
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quinoa, or vegetables as in the And
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ecommended fertilization rates rang
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Figure 1 World tomato harvested are
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Tomato flowers develop from buds si
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nil at EC e of 13 dS/m in some stud
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TOMATO 199
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Figure 1 World sugar beet harvested
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TAbLE 1Phenology of sugar beet in s
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thinning. As mentioned, excessive n
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SUGAR BEET 209
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death is mainly caused by competiti
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y the requirement set by transpirat
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ReferencesAsseng, S. & Hsiao, T.C.
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Figure 1 World bambara groundnut ha
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temperatures clearly influence repr
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BAMBARA GROUNDNUT 227
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Lead AuthorSam Geerts(KU Leuven Uni
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physiological maturity varies betwe
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(Bertero et al., 2000; Jacobsen and
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Lead AuthorAlemtsehay Tsegay(Mekell
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about 55 days or more after plantin
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Hirut, K., Johnson, R.C. & Ferris,
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Yield response to waterof fruit tre
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techniques; d) relations between yi
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has been such that wherever farmers
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tasted better than those from fully
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The orchard ET processThe ET c from
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The model AquaCrop computes E for t
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(8) Tr cc = K cc ET o f ccWhere, f
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ox 5 (CONTINUED)F 2 VALUES (Norther
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ox 6 Examples for determining ET of
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Determining irrigation requirements
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ox 8 Spatial relation between the d
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accurately determine volumetric soi
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ox 10 This page: Examples of the di
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ox 11 Reference values of stem-wate
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A major advantage of the canopy tem
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The water budget technique is very
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high sensitivity level, as discusse
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of crop responses to water deficits
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ox 18 Generalized relationships bet
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ox 19 (CONTINUED)(b) In the second
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Figure 12Patterns of seasonal appli
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figure 14Response of an almond orch
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Additional ReadingFollowing are a n
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Lead AuthorSRiccardo Gucci,(Univers
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in the first years of production (t
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Because olives flower late, the ris
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Table 1b Summary of recommended oli
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Table 2 Relative yield and gross re
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Figure 5Hypothetical seasonal cours
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ReferencesAngelopulos, K., Dichio,
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Early vegetative and reproductive g
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Summer stressDuring this period of
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almond had its highest Gl of close
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Water Production FunctionsThe two p
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Figure 3aCrop-water production func
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Goldhamer, D. A. & Salinas, M. 2000
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Figure 1 Production trends for appl
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division, and that limitation of po
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oth irrigation level and crop load.
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Figure 6Seasonal reference ET o cro
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Figure 8 Water production function
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Table 2 Apple orchard water require
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Lead AuthorSDiego S. Intrigliolo,Ju
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The fruit with fleshy pericarp is c
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Figure 2 Relationships between aver
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Suggested Deficit Irrigation Strate
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Lead AuthorDavid A. Goldhamer(forme
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Early Vegetative and Reproductive g
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The research results on preharvest
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Much less work has been done on the
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Figure 5 shows that with mild defic
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FIGURE 6Relationships between appli
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Table 2 Irrigation management, yiel
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Table 3 Suggested RDI strategies fo
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Lead AuthorJordi Marsal(IRTA, Lleid
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Figure 2Reproductive growth of pear
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Figure 3Effects of postharvest irri
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Table 1Crop coefficients relative t
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same cultivar but used in Italy and
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notice that this was the case for B
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REFERENCESAllen, R.G., Pereira, L.S
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Lead AuthorSJoan Girona(IRTA, Lleid
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Description of the stages of develo
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Figure 3(a): Relationship between a
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several others since that time have
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BOXDetecting water stress in peachA
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Water RequirementsThe water use rat
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Figure 6Relation between relative y
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Johnson, R.S. & Phene, B.C. 2008. F
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production recovery from severe wat
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Description of the stages of develo
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used to collect the nuts, which are
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yield of marketable product (split
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Figure 4Total tree nut load for tre
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Figure 6Production function develop
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ReferencesAydın, Y. 2004. The effe
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Figure 1 Production trends for apri
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Responses to Water DeficitsIn areas
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Figure 4Apricot (cv. Búlida) shoot
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apricot 439
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Figure 1 Production trends for avoc
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Stem-water potential (SWP) values a
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ReferencesFaber, B., Apaia, M. & M.
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Figure 1 Production trends for swee
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Figure 4Daily patterns of sunlit le
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season (Marsal, 2010). However, the
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sweet CHERRY 457
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Figure 1 Grape production between 1
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Table 1Key vegetative and reproduct
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Figure 3Plasticity of flowering of
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In common with most crops, tissue e
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minimal4season 1 (l h -1 )4eason 1
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Table 4Yield, fruit sugar concentra
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Figure 10Negative associations betw
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Table 5Sensory evaluation of experi
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FIGURE 14Seasonal dynamics of crop
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Box 2 Crop and soil measurements to
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ReferencesAlmenberg, J. & Dreber, A
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Petrie, P.R. & Sadras, V.O. 2008. A
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Figure 1 Production trends for kiwi
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Figure 3Evolution of the LAI in A.
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Figure 7Schematic representation of
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water content is high enough to avo
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REFERENCESClearwater, M.J., Lowe, R
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attention to rough estimations or a
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FAO IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE PAPERS1
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